Memory and Brain Dynamics: Oscillations Integrating Attention, Perception, Learning, and Memory

✍ Scribed by Erol Basar

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2004
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 259
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Memory itself is inseparable from all other brain functions and involves distributed dynamic neural processes. A wealth of publications in neuroscience literature report that the concerted action of distributed multiple oscillatory processes (EEG oscillations) play a major role in brain functioning. The analysis of function-related brain oscillations is currently one of the most important areas of neuroscience research. Memory and Brain Dynamics: Oscillations Integrating Attention, Perception, Learning, and Memory bridges the disciplines of neurophysiology, cognitive psychology, and EEG brain dynamics to examine how the brain represents mental events that are interwoven with memory. The book presents a new study-framework that links oscillatory brain activity with the concept of dynamic memory. In the main portion of the text, the memory is treated as an alliance of attention, perception, learning, and memory. Empirical evidence is dealt with in separate sections from theory development, yet these two parts of the book are carefully combined to present a unique philosophical/scientific perspective on brain function. Professor Erol Basar, Ph.D., is one of the pioneers emphasizing the importance of oscillatory brain dynamics for integrative brain function and memory since the 1970s.

✦ Table of Contents

Memory and Brain Dynamics Oscillations Integrating Attention, Perception, Learning, and Memory......Page 3
Series Preface......Page 5
DYNAMIC AND SELECTIVELY DISTRIBUTED MEMORY IN THE WHOLE BRAIN......Page 7
WHAT JUSTIFIES WRITING ANOTHER BOOK ON MEMORY?......Page 8
ABOUT THE CONTENTS AND ORGANIZATION OF THIS BOOK......Page 9
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 12
Author......Page 14
Contents......Page 15
Part I: Foundations......Page 23
1.1.2 HEBB’S RULES OF COOPERATIVITY......Page 24
1.1.3 HAYEK: PERCEIVING IS CLASSIFICATION OF OBJECTS BY ACTIVATION OF ASSOCIATIVE NETS......Page 25
1.3.1 DISTRIBUTED NETWORKS......Page 26
1.3.1.1 Distributed Memory: Findings with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 27
1.4.1 IMPORTANCE OF EEG STUDIES......Page 28
1.5.1 GRIFFITH: STATISTICAL MECHANICS IN BIOLOGY AND PHYSICS......Page 30
1.5.3 FESSARD: GENERAL TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN......Page 31
1.6 FREEMAN, KATSCHALSKY, AND HAKEN: PRELIMINARY STEPS IN INTRODUCING MACRODYNAMICS OF ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY......Page 32
1.7.1 REASONS FOR ESTABLISHING PROGRAMS FOR BRAIN RESEARCH......Page 34
1.7.1.1 Program Steps......Page 35
1.8.1 SHERRINGTON’S NEURON DOCTRINE REVISITED......Page 36
1.8.2 RENAISSANCE OF EEG USE IN SEARCH OF INTEGRATIVE BRAIN FUNCTIONS......Page 37
1.9.1 TOPOGRAPHY OF COGNITION AND ELEMENTS OF NEURONS–BRAIN THEORY......Page 38
1.10 SIGNIFICANCE OF EEG BRAIN DYNAMICS IN MEMORY STATES AND INTEGRATIVE BRAIN FUNCTIONS......Page 40
2.1.3 ENCODING AND RETRIEVAL......Page 42
2.2.1 LONG-TERM MEMORY VERSUS SHORT-TERM MEMORY......Page 43
2.2.2 WORKING MEMORY......Page 44
2.3 DISTINCTION BETWEEN IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT MEMORY STATES......Page 45
2.4.2 PERCEPTUAL MEMORY......Page 46
2.5.2 SEMANTIC MEMORY......Page 47
2.6.1.1 Hebb’s Proposal......Page 48
2.7.1 PHYSIOLOGICAL (FUNDAMENTAL-FUNCTIONAL) MEMORY......Page 49
2.8 LONGER-ACTING MEMORY AND TRANSITION TO PERSISTENT MEMORY IN WHOLE BRAIN......Page 50
Part II: Experiments and Their Interpretation......Page 51
3.1 ESSENTIAL EXPERIMENTS INVOLVING DYNAMIC MEMORY AND TOP-DOWN ACTIVITY......Page 52
3.2.3 IMPORTANCE OF INTERNAL EVENT-RELATED OSCILLATIONS......Page 53
3.2.4.2 Preliminary Results......Page 54
3.4.3 GLOBAL TRENDS OF PRETARGET EVENT-RELATED RHYTHMS: SUBJECT VARIABILITY......Page 55
3.2.5.1 3.5- to 8-Hz Range......Page 56
3.2.6 EXPERIMENTS WITH LIGHT STIMULATION......Page 58
3.2.6.1 Experiments with Varied Probabilities of Stimulus Occurrence......Page 59
3.2.7 EXPERIMENTS WITH SUBJECT A.F.......Page 64
3.2.8 QUASIDETERMINISTIC EEGS, COGNITIVE STATES, AND DYNAMIC MEMORIES......Page 65
3.2.8.1 Dynamics of Time-Locked EEG Patterns......Page 66
3.3.1 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP AND PARADIGMS......Page 67
3.3.2.1 Comparison of EPs and ERPs......Page 69
3.3.2.2 Comparative Analysis of Poststimulus Frequency Changes under Different Conditions and Their Contributions to Different Latency Peaks......Page 71
3.3.2.3 Formation of Peaks......Page 72
3.3.2.4 Comparison of ERP Responses to Regular and Random Infrequent Target Stimuli......Page 73
3.3.3 ORIENTATION REACTION AND LEARNING DURING REPETITIVE STIMULATION......Page 75
3.4.2 EVENT-RELATED 10-HZ OSCILLATIONS......Page 76
3.4.3 MODULATION OF P300 ACTIVITY BY PREPARATION RHYTHMS......Page 78
3.4.4 CONTROL OF LEARNABLE SEQUENCES BY PRESTIMULUS EEG ACTIVITY OR BUILDING OF MEMORY TEMPLATES......Page 79
3.4.5 VARIED DEGREES OF AUGMENTATION AND PROLONGATION: GAMMA OSCILLATIONS IN MEMORY TASKS......Page 80
3.4.8 AUGMENTATION OF KNOWLEDGE OR LEARNED MATERIAL IS REFLECTED BY REGULAR AND INCREASED ALPHA ACTIVITIES......Page 82
4.2.1 I NTRODUCTION......Page 83
4.2.2 METHODS AND PARADIGMS UTILIZED FOR OBTAINING P300 RESPONSES FROM FREELY MOVING CATS......Page 84
4.2.3 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF EFFECTS OF REPETITION RATE OF OMITTED TONES ON ERPS RECORDED FROM CAT HIPPOCAMPI......Page 85
4.2.5 MULTIPLE ELECTRODES IN HIPPOCAMPUS......Page 86
4.2.6 HIPPOCAMPAL P300 AND COGNITIVE CORRELATES: THETA COMPONENTS IN CA3 LAYER......Page 91
4.3.1 P300–40-HZ COMPOUND POTENTIAL......Page 93
4.4 EVENT-RELATED OSCILLATIONS IN CAT HIPPOCAMPUS, CORTEX, AND RETICULAR FORMATION DURING STATES OF HIGH EXPECTANCY: COMPARISON WITH HUMAN DATA......Page 95
4.4.1 UNIT ACTIVITY AND BEHAVIOR......Page 96
4.4.3 SELECTIVELY DISTRIBUTED THETA SYSTEM: INVOLVEMENT OF LIMBIC, FRONTAL, AND PARIETAL AREAS......Page 97
4.4.4 INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ERPS......Page 98
4.4.5 WHY COMPARE EP RESULTS WITH CONVENTIONAL EXPERIMENTS?......Page 99
4.4.6.2 Frontal Cortex......Page 100
4.4.6.4 Cognitive Functions of Cerebellum......Page 101
4.4.7 SECONDARY ALPHA RESPONSE AND ALPHA RESPONSE WITH DELAY......Page 102
4.4.8 COMPARISON WITH HUMAN BRAIN RESULTS......Page 104
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 105
5.3.1.1 Auditory-Evoked Potentials......Page 106
5.3.1.2 Visual-Evoked Potentials......Page 107
5.3.1.3 Topographic Aspects......Page 108
5.3.2 FRONTAL VISUAL-EVOKED POTENTIALS......Page 109
5.3.3 INVERSE RELATIONS OF EEGS AND VISUAL RESPONSES......Page 110
5.4.1 MAJOR OPERATING RHYTHM (MOR) OF FRONTAL LOBE: THETA?......Page 111
5.4.3 FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF EEG–EP INTERRELATIONS......Page 112
5.5.1 CREATION OF PREFERRED BRAIN STATES BY APLR ALLIANCE......Page 113
5.7 ENTROPY AS CAUSAL FACTOR IN RESPONSES AND MECHANISMS OF SUPER-SYNERGY......Page 114
5.8 GENETICS AS A CAUSAL FACTOR IN DELTA AND THETA RESPONSES AND BETA RHYTHMS......Page 116
6.1.1.2 Role of Oscillations in Memory Processing......Page 119
6.2.1.1 Survey by Andersen and Andersson (1968) and Basar ¸ (1999)......Page 120
6.2.2 EARLIER EXPERIMENTS ON INDUCED OR EVOKED THETA OSCILLATIONS......Page 121
6.3.1 CONCEPT , DEFINITIONS, AND METHODS......Page 122
6.3.2 OSCILLATORY RESPONSES IN INVERTEBRATE GANGLIA......Page 124
6.3.3 GAMMA OSCILLATIONS IN SENSORY, COGNITIVE, AND MOTOR PROCESSES......Page 125
6.3.3.1 Multiple Functions in Gamma Band......Page 131
6.3.4 ALPHA OSCILLATIONS IN PERCEPTION AND COGNITION: THE ALPHAS......Page 132
6.3.4.1 Sensory Components......Page 134
6.3.4.2 Cognitive Components......Page 136
6.3.4.4 Multiple Functions in Alpha Frequency Window......Page 137
6.3.5 THETA OSCILLATIONS IN PERCEPTION AND COGNITION......Page 138
6.3.6 DELTA OSCILLATIONS IN COGNITION......Page 142
6.3.8 OSCILLATIONS IN HIGHEST FREQUENCY WINDOW......Page 145
6.4 SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE AND SUPERIMPOSED MULTIPLE OSCILLATIONS IN THETA AND DELTA FREQUENCY WINDOWS IN COGNITIVE PROCESSES: EXAMPLES......Page 148
6.5 SELECTIVELY DISTRIBUTED AND SELECTIVELY COHERENT OSCILLATORY NETWORKS......Page 150
6.6 INTERIM CONCLUSIONS......Page 152
6.7.2 MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS OF EROS AND MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS OF MEMORY: CONVERGENCE OF CONCEPTS......Page 153
6.8.1 FREQUENCY CODING AT DIFFERENT LEVELS......Page 155
6.8.2 MOST GENERAL TRANSFER FUNCTIONS AND MULTIPLE OSCILLATIONS......Page 157
7.2 BINDING PROBLEM IN MEMORY PROCESSING AND GESTALT......Page 159
7.3 NEURONS–BRAIN THEORY AND OSCILLATORY CODES......Page 161
7.4 DESCRIPTION OF FUNCTION–MEMORY TABLE......Page 163
7.5 SUPER-SYNERGY: A SPATIO-TEMPORAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF MULTIPLE AND DISTRIBUTED OSCILLATIONS......Page 164
7.6 GEDANKEN MODEL: INVOLVEMENT OF SELECTIVELY DISTRIBUTED AND COHERENT ACTIVITIES OF NEURAL POPULATIONS IN GRANDMOTHER PERCEPT......Page 167
7.7 NEURAL POPULATIONS AND “FEATURE” CELLS......Page 168
7.7.1 SOKOLOV: FEATURE DETECTORS*......Page 169
8.1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS......Page 170
8.2 KLIMESCH: ROLE OF THETA AND ALPHA OSCILLATIONS IN MEMORY AND ATTENTION FUNCTIONS......Page 171
8.3.1.3 Second Data Recording (Regular) Set......Page 172
8.3.2.1 Topologies of Delta Responses......Page 173
8.3.2.2 Topologies of Theta Responses......Page 174
8.3.2.4 Distributed Beta and Gamma Responses......Page 177
8.5 WHAT DOES THE GRANDMOTHER PARADIGM MEAN? ARE OSCILLATIONS DISTRIBUTED TEMPLATES IN MEMORY ACTIVATION?......Page 178
8.5.1 SELECTIVELY DISTRIBUTED ENHANCEMENTS IN WHOLE CORTEX......Page 181
8.5.4 TRANSITION FROM SEMANTIC TO EPISODIC MEMORY: DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN SEMANTIC AND EPISODIC MEMORIES......Page 182
8.5.5.2 Critique of Experiments of Fernandez and Fell......Page 184
8.5.6 DO GRANDMOTHER EXPERIMENTS FAVOR HEBB’S HYPOTHESIS?......Page 185
8.6 ARE THE DESCRIPTIONS OF GESTALTS AND EMOTIONS RELATED TO MORE COMPLEX PERCEPTS POSSIBLE?......Page 186
Part III: Memory Function: Models and Theories......Page 187
9.2 PHYSIOLOGY OF SELECTIVELY DISTRIBUTED OSCILLATORY PROCESSES......Page 188
9.2.1 CONNECTIONS OF SENSORY–COGNITIVE SYSTEMS......Page 189
9.2.2 ACTIVATION OF ALPHA SYSTEM WITH LIGHT......Page 190
9.2.4 ACTIVATION OF THETA AND DELTA SYSTEMS FOLLOWING COGNITIVE INPUTS......Page 191
9.2.5 NONSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS......Page 193
9.3.3 INBORN (BUILT-IN) NETWORKS (LEVEL I)......Page 196
9.3.3.3 Phyletic Memory and Oscillatory Response Codes......Page 198
9.3.3.5 Living System Settings......Page 199
9.3.4 PHYSIOLOGICAL OR FUNDAMENTAL MEMORY......Page 200
9.3.5 WORKING MEMORY (LEVEL II)......Page 201
9.3.5.1 Perceptual Memory......Page 202
9.3.7 WHAT IS MOTOR MEMORY?......Page 203
9.4.2 ARE DYNAMIC EEG TEMPLATES CREATED DURING PROCESSING OF THE APLR ALLIANCE? DO THEY BUILD (VIRTUAL) SHORT-TERM STORAGE OF NEWLY LEARNED MATERIAL?......Page 204
9.4.3 ARE ALL BRAIN FUNCTIONS LINKED WITH MEMORY?......Page 205
9.5 COMPLEX MEMORY OR MULTIPLE MATCHING: EVOLVING MEMORY AND APLR ALLIANCE......Page 206
9.5.2.1 Reentry?......Page 207
9.5.3 PROLONGED OSCILLATIONS, DELAYS, AND COHERENT STATES DURING COMPLEX MATCHING......Page 208
9.5.4.1 Matching of Multiple Oscillations in Whole Brain......Page 210
9.6.1 EVOLVING MEMORY: MULTIPLE LEVEL FUNCTIONING IN CNS......Page 212
9.6.2 LEVEL III ACTIVITIES PORTRAYED IN FIGURE 9.7......Page 213
10.2 DISTRIBUTED MEMORY IN THE WHOLE BRAIN......Page 215
10.3 CORRELATION OF BRAIN OSCILLATIONS WITH MULTIPLE BRAIN FUNCTIONS......Page 216
10.4 GESTALTS AND THE GRANDMOTHER PERCEPT......Page 217
10.6 MODEL RELATED TO MEMORY STATES......Page 218
10.6.2 MEMORY STATE AS CONTINUUM......Page 219
10.7 IMPORTANCE OF EEG ANALYSIS......Page 220
11.1 INTEGRATION OF PROPOSALS RELATED TO WHOLE-BRAIN WORK......Page 222
11.2.1 LEVEL A: TRANSITION FROM SINGLE NEURONS TO OSCILLATORY DYNAMICS......Page 223
11.2.2 LEVEL B: SUPERBINDING OF NEURAL ASSEMBLIES (SUPERSYNERGY)......Page 224
11.2.4 LEVEL D: CAUSALITY27 AND BRAIN RESPONSIVENESS......Page 225
11.3 NEWTONIAN CAUSALITY, CHAOTIC DYNAMICS, AND BRAIN LANGUAGE......Page 227
NOTES......Page 228
A.2 FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS AND TRFC METHODS......Page 230
A.3 RESPONSE ADAPTIVE FILTERING......Page 232
A.3.1 COMBINED ANALYSIS: EEG AND EP COMPARISON......Page 233
REFERENCES......Page 234
References......Page 236
Epilogue: From EEG–Brain Dynamics to Memory–Brain Dynamics......Page 254
1.3 GLOSSARY......Page 256