Membrane Distillation: Principles and Applications

✍ Scribed by Mohamed Khayet Souhaimi, T. Matsuura

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2011
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 478
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Modern membrane engineering is critical to the development of process-intensification strategies and to the stimulation of industrial growth. Membrane Distillation (MD) is a broad reference that covers specific information on membranes available and methods for MD membrane preparation and characterization. The book offers an introduction to the terminology and fundamental concepts as well as a historical review of MD development. Commercial membranes used in MD as well as laboratory-made membranes, including emerging membranes, are described in detail and illustrated by a number of clear and instructive schematic drawings and images. A comprehensive review on the development of MD membranes, MD modules, MD membrane characterization, MD configurations, applications in different areas and theoretical modelsIntroduction to the terminology and fundamental concepts associated with MD as well as an historical review of MD developmentDescription of commercial membranes used in MD as well as laboratory-made membranes, including emerging membranes

✦ Table of Contents

Membrane Distillation Principles and Applications......Page 1
science_2......Page 2
Introduction......Page 326
Dedication......Page 3
science_4......Page 4
Introduction......Page 401
Acknowledgements......Page 6
Author Biographies......Page 7
science_7......Page 9
Introduction......Page 10
Nomenclature in MD......Page 12
A Historical Survey of MD......Page 13
Mechanism of MD Transport......Page 17
Engineering Aspects: MD Applications......Page 20
References......Page 21
Introduction......Page 25
Commercial Membranes......Page 27
Effects of Feed Temperature......Page 379
Flat Sheet Single Hydrophobic Layer Membranes......Page 30
Hollow Fibre Single Hydrophobic Layer Membranes......Page 32
Copolymer Flat Sheet and Hollow Fibre Membranes......Page 35
Composite Bi- and Multi-Layered Membranes with Different Hydrophobicity Levels......Page 36
Nanofibre Membranes......Page 41
Track-Etched Membranes......Page 42
Future Directions......Page 93
References......Page 229
Introduction......Page 49
Principles of Formation of Porous Hydrophobic Flat Sheet Membranes......Page 51
Thermodynamics Considerations......Page 52
Kinetics Considerations......Page 55
Effects of Process Parameters on Membrane Structure......Page 56
Direct Osmosis and Membrane Distillation......Page 407
Effect of Polymer Concentration......Page 58
Effect of Non-solvent Additive and its Concentration......Page 59
Fermentation and Membrane Distillation......Page 413
Effect of Coagulation Bath Temperature......Page 62
Effect of Solvent Evaporation Time......Page 63
Effect of Drying......Page 64
References......Page 66
Introduction......Page 67
Hollow Fibre Membranes with Single Porous Hydrophobic Layer......Page 69
Hollow Fibre Membranes with Dual Porous Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Layers......Page 70
Copolymer Hollow Fibre Membranes......Page 71
Principles of Formation of Porous Hydrophobic Hollow Fibre Membranes......Page 72
Effects of Process Parameters on Hollow Fibre Membrane Structure......Page 76
Influence of Polymer Concentration and Additive Content in Dope Spinning Solution......Page 77
Non-Condensable Gases......Page 345
Effects of Bore Fluid Flow Rate......Page 81
Effects of the Air Gap Distance......Page 82
Effects of the Take-up Speed......Page 86
Effects of Polymer Solution Flow Rate......Page 88
Effects of Hollow Fibre Spinneret Design......Page 89
References......Page 398
5 Thermally Induced Phase Separation for MD Membrane Formation......Page 96
Introduction......Page 97
Principles of the Formation of Porous Hydrophobic TIPS Membranes......Page 99
Thermodynamic Considerations......Page 100
Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation......Page 104
Solid–Liquid Phase Separation......Page 105
Combined Liquid–Liquid and Solid–Liquid Phase Separation......Page 107
Kinetic Considerations......Page 109
Flat Sheet Membrane Preparation......Page 110
Hollow Fibre Membrane Preparation......Page 111
Effects of Polymer Type and Concentration in the Initial Polymer/Diluents System......Page 112
Effects of the Type of Diluents, Its Concentration and Molecular Weight......Page 115
Effects of Quenching Conditions......Page 116
Effects of Extractant......Page 117
Effects of Stretching......Page 118
Effects of Polymer Type, Molecular Weight and Composition......Page 119
Effects of Concentration and Type of Diluents......Page 120
Effects of Spinning Temperature......Page 122
Effects of Spin Draw Ratio......Page 123
Special Considerations......Page 124
References......Page 279
6 Membrane Modification for MD Membrane Formation......Page 128
Introduction......Page 129
Well-Studied MD Research Areas......Page 456
Wet/Dry Flow Method......Page 133
Plasma Polymerization......Page 134
Grafting Ceramic Membranes......Page 136
Surface Coating......Page 137
Hydrophobic Solution Coating......Page 138
Hydrophilic Solution Coating......Page 140
Casting Hydrophobic Polymer over Porous Supports......Page 141
Nuclear-Powered MD......Page 143
SMM Characterization......Page 145
SMM Membrane Preparation......Page 147
Membrane Modules Integrating Solar Absorbers......Page 423
Radiation Graft Polymerization......Page 148
Plasma Polymerization......Page 149
Grafting Ceramic Membranes......Page 150
Hydrophobic Surface Coating......Page 151
Hydrophilic Solution Coating......Page 152
Casting Hydrophobic Polymer over Porous Supports......Page 153
Surface Modification by SMMs......Page 155
Effect of Hydrophilic Polymer Concentration......Page 156
Effect of Hydrophilic Polymer Type......Page 158
Effect of SMMs Type......Page 159
Effect of SMM Concentration......Page 160
Effect of SMM Stoichiometric Ratio......Page 161
Effect of Evaporation Time......Page 162
Co-Extrusion Spinning......Page 165
References......Page 166
Introduction: Characteristics Needed for MD Membranes......Page 170
Determination of Pore Size (Mean Pore Size, Pore Size Distribution) by Different Physical Methods......Page 172
Mercury Porosimetry......Page 180
Electron Microscopy......Page 181
Atomic Force Microscopy......Page 184
Effects of Electro-Spinning System Parameters and Process Parameters on the Membrane Structure......Page 190
Penetration Pressure Determination......Page 192
Thermal Stability Tests......Page 197
Mechanical Stability......Page 199
Chemical Stability......Page 201
Optical Techniques......Page 202
References......Page 203
Background......Page 207
Principles of the Formation of Nano-Fibre Membranes......Page 210
Polymer Concentration......Page 216
Molecular Weight......Page 218
Solvent......Page 219
Electrical Conductivity of the Solution......Page 220
Applied Voltage......Page 222
VMD Technology in Desalination......Page 223
Gap Distance Between Needle Tip and Collector......Page 224
Post-Treatment......Page 226
Ambient Parameters......Page 228
science_15......Page 232
Plate-and-Frame MD Membrane Modules......Page 235
MD Costs Evaluations and Comparison to other Systems......Page 241
Spiral Wound MD Membrane Modules......Page 246
Design of MD Modules......Page 247
References......Page 248
11 Sweeping Gas Membrane Distillation......Page 253
Theoretical Models......Page 258
Effects of Feed Temperature......Page 267
Effects of Solutes in Feed Aqueous Solution......Page 269
Effect of Gas Temperature......Page 271
Effects of Feed Flow Rate......Page 272
Gas Flow Rate......Page 273
SGMD Applications......Page 276
Introduction......Page 281
16 Future Directions in Membrane Distillation......Page 454
Mass Transfer Through the Membrane Pores......Page 286
(ii) Annual Operating Costs......Page 293
Effects of Feed Temperature......Page 300
References......Page 451
Effects of Feed and Permeate Flow Rates......Page 303
Effects of Solute Concentration in the Feed Aqueous Solution......Page 304
Osmotic Distillation (OD)......Page 307
DCMD Technology in Desalination and Crystallization......Page 310
DCMD Technology in Concentration of Fruit Juices......Page 316
DCMD Technology for Treatment of Wastewaters......Page 317
Other Applications of DCMD Technology......Page 318
References......Page 320
Theoretical Models......Page 332
Effects of Feed Temperature......Page 339
Effects of Solute Concentration in the Feed Aqueous Solution......Page 341
Effects of Feed Flow Rate......Page 342
Coolant Temperature......Page 343
Air Gap Width......Page 346
Effects of Some Membrane Parameters......Page 347
AGMD Technology in Desalination and Solar Units......Page 349
AGMD Technology in Food Processing......Page 355
Treatment of Aqueous Alcohol Solutions......Page 356
Break of Azeotropic Mixtures......Page 357
Other Applications of AGMD Technology......Page 359
References......Page 360
Introduction......Page 364
Theoretical Models......Page 369
Effects of Solute Concentration in the Feed Solution......Page 381
Effects of Feed Flow Rate......Page 383
Effects of Downstream Pressure......Page 385
Extraction of Volatile Organic Compounds......Page 387
Treatment of Alcohol Aqueous Solutions......Page 388
VMD in Concentration of Fruit Juices and Recovery of Aroma Compounds......Page 389
Treatment of Textile Wastewaters......Page 392
Other Applications of VMD Technology......Page 393
Comparison to Pervaporation......Page 395
Ultrafiltration and Membrane Distillation......Page 403
Nanofiltration, Reverse Osmosis and Membrane Distillation......Page 404
Pervaporation, Microfiltration and Membrane Distillation......Page 408
Precipitation and Membrane Distillation......Page 409
Catalysis and Membrane Distillation......Page 414
Traditional Distillation and Membrane Distillation......Page 415
Cooling Tower and Membrane Distillation......Page 417
Diesel Waste Heat and Membrane Distillation......Page 418
Solar Thermal Collectors, Photovoltaic Panels and Membrane Distillation......Page 420
Salt-Gradient Solar Ponds and Membrane Distillation......Page 425
References......Page 427
15 Economics,Energy Analysis and Costs Evaluation in MD......Page 430
Energy Analysis in MD......Page 432
Amortization or Fixed Charges (Afixed)......Page 450
Less-Studied MD Research Areas......Page 457
References......Page 460
A......Page 462
C......Page 463
D......Page 464
E......Page 465
H......Page 466
I......Page 467
M......Page 468
N......Page 470
P......Page 471
S......Page 474
T......Page 475
U......Page 476
W......Page 477
X......Page 478

✦ Subjects

Химия и химическая промышленность;Процессы и аппараты химической технологии;Массообменные процессы и аппараты;Мембранные процессы;