Medical Microbiology

✍ Scribed by F. Kayser, K. Bienz, J. Eckert, R. Zinkernagel

• Publisher: Thieme
• Year: 2004
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 726
• Series: Flexibook
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

While medical and hygienic developments have driven down the mortality rates of infectious diseases, pathogenic microorganisms are still a major factor in everyday clinical practice. They are still the most frequent cause of death in third world countries. New and incurable infectious diseases are a worldwide problem. It is, therefore, necessary for modern medicine to double its efforts to understand the relationship between microorganisms and humans and continue to lead the search for new therapies.

This book is structured in a comprehensible format. The numerous color illustrations and microscopic images render complex themes readily accessible. Summaries at the beginning of every chapter, a color-coded reference guide, and detailed diagnostic tables make this an excellent sourcebook for rapid learning and quick reference. A list of important internet addresses in the appendix will also help readers keep abreast of cutting-edge research.

This book is both a textbook for students of medicine and dentistry and a useful companion for medical technicians and laboratory assistants. It will also serve as a handy work of reference for clinical practitioners.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover Page......Page 1
Contents......Page 3
At a Glance…......Page 4
Title Page......Page 5
Edition Info......Page 6
Preface......Page 7
Abbreviations......Page 9
1 General Aspects of Medical Microbiology......Page 15
2 Basic Principles of Immunology......Page 16
3 General Bacteriology......Page 18
4 Bacteria as Human Pathogens......Page 20
6 Fungi as Human Pathogens......Page 23
7 General Virology......Page 24
8 Viruses as Human Pathogens......Page 25
10 Helminths......Page 26
Appendix to Chapters 9–11......Page 27
Index......Page 28
I Basic Principles of Medical Microbiologie and Immunology......Page 29
The Past......Page 30
The Present......Page 31
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Microorganisms......Page 32
Bacteria......Page 33
Fungi and Protozoa......Page 34
Host–Pathogen Interactions......Page 35
Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence......Page 36
Adhesion......Page 39
Strategies against Nonspecific Immunity......Page 40
Strategies against Specific Immunity......Page 41
Clinical Disease......Page 43
Regulation of Bacterial Virulence......Page 46
The Genetics of Bacterial Pathogenicity......Page 48
Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms......Page 49
Specific Defense Mechanisms......Page 51
Normal Flora......Page 52
General Epidemiology......Page 53
Transmission......Page 54
Sources of Infection......Page 58
Immunization Prophylaxis......Page 59
Terms......Page 62
The Kinetics of Pathogen Killing......Page 63
Mechanisms of Action......Page 64
Heat......Page 65
Filtration......Page 66
Chemical Methods of Sterilization and Disinfection......Page 67
Practical Disinfection......Page 68
Introduction......Page 71
The Immunological Apparatus......Page 73
The B-Cell System......Page 76
Immunoglobulin Structure......Page 78
Diversity within the Variable Domains of the Immunoglobulins......Page 81
The Different Classes of Immunoglobulins......Page 82
T-Cell Receptors (TCR) and Accessory Molecules......Page 85
T-Cell Specificity and the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)......Page 86
T-Cell Maturation: Positive and Negative Selection......Page 91
T-Cell Subpopulations......Page 92
Immune Responses and Effector Mechanisms......Page 94
B-Cell Epitopes and B-Cell Proliferation......Page 95
T-Independent B Cell Responses......Page 97
T-Cell Activation......Page 99
T Helper Cells (CD4 + T Cells) and T-B Cell Collaboration......Page 100
Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8 + T Cells)......Page 103
Cytokines (Interleukins) and Adhesion......Page 105
Humoral, Antibody-Dependent Effector Mechanisms......Page 113
The Complement System......Page 114
T-Cell Tolerance......Page 118
B-Cell Tolerance......Page 121
Immunological Memory......Page 122
B-Cell Memory......Page 124
T-Cell Memory......Page 126
Immune Defenses against Infection and Tumor Immunity......Page 127
General Rules Applying to Infection Defenses......Page 128
Immune Protection and Immunopathology......Page 131
Influence of Prophylactic Immunization......Page 134
Tumor Immunity......Page 135
Type I: IgE-Triggered Anaphylaxis......Page 136
Type II: Cytotoxic Humoral Immune Responses......Page 137
Autoantibody Responses......Page 138
Anti-blood Group Antibody Reactions......Page 139
Type III: Diseases Caused by Immune Complexes......Page 141
Type IV: Hypersensitivity or Delayed Type, Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity......Page 142
Transplantation Immunity......Page 143
Immune Defects and Immune Response Modulation......Page 145
Immunoregulation......Page 146
Immunostimulation......Page 147
Adaptive Immunotherapy......Page 148
Immunoprecipitation in Liquids and Gels......Page 149
Agglutination Reaction......Page 151
Direct and Indirect Immunofluorescence......Page 153
Radioimmunological and Enzyme Immunological Tests......Page 156
Isolation of Lymphocytes......Page 157
Lymphocyte Function Tests......Page 160
Glossary......Page 167
II Bacteriology......Page 173
Bacterial Forms......Page 174
Nucleoid (Nucleus Equivalent) and Plasmids......Page 176
The Cytoplasmic Membrane......Page 179
Cell Wall......Page 180
Flagella......Page 185
Biofilm......Page 186
Bacterial Spores......Page 187
Types of Metabolism......Page 188
Catabolic Reactions......Page 189
Anabolic Reactions......Page 191
Nutrients......Page 192
Growth and Cell Death......Page 193
The Molecular Basis of Bacterial Genetics......Page 194
The Structure of Bacterial DNA......Page 195
Transcription and Translation......Page 196
Regulation of Gene Expression......Page 197
The Genetic Variability of Bacteria......Page 198
Recombination......Page 199
Transduction......Page 202
Conjugation......Page 203
Restriction, Modification, and Gene Cloning......Page 205
Morphology......Page 210
Composition......Page 211
Reproduction......Page 212
Lysogeny......Page 214
Definitions......Page 215
Efficacy......Page 224
Mechanisms of Action......Page 225
Side Effects......Page 228
Incidence, Significance......Page 229
Resistance Mechanisms......Page 230
Evolution of Resistance to Anti-Infective Agents......Page 231
Resistance Tests......Page 232
Combination Therapy......Page 233
Chemoprophylaxis......Page 234
Laboratory Diagnosis......Page 235
Sampling and Transport of Test Material......Page 236
Microscopy......Page 239
Culturing Methods......Page 240
Identification of Bacteria......Page 242
Molecular Methods......Page 244
Bacteriological Laboratory Safety......Page 245
Classification......Page 246
Nomenclature......Page 256
Staphylococcus......Page 257
Staphylococcus Aureus......Page 258
Staphylococcus aureus......Page 259
Multiple Furuncles......Page 260
Plasma Coagulase and Clumping Factor Test......Page 261
Streptococcus and Enterococcus......Page 262
Streptococcus Pyogenes......Page 265
Streptococcus pyogenes Infections......Page 267
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococci)......Page 268
Streptococcus pneumoniae......Page 269
Oral Streptococci......Page 270
Enterococcus (Enterococci)......Page 271
Bacillus......Page 272
Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)......Page 273
The Pathogens That Cause Gas Gangrene (Clostridial Myonecrosis) and Anaerobic Cellulitis......Page 274
Clostridium perfringens and sporogenes......Page 275
Clostridium tetani (Tetanus)......Page 276
Tetanus......Page 277
Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)......Page 278
Listeria, Erysipelothrix, and Gardnerella......Page 279
Listeria monocytogenes......Page 280
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae......Page 281
Corynebacterium, Actinomyces, Other Gram-Positive Rod Bacteria......Page 282
Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria)......Page 283
Diphtheria toxin......Page 284
Nose and Throat (Nasopharyngeal) Diphtheria......Page 285
Actinomyces israelii......Page 286
Other Gram-Positive Rod Bacteria......Page 288
Mycobacterium......Page 290
Tuberculosis Bacteria (TB)......Page 291
Possible Courses of Pulmonary Tuberculosis......Page 293
Tuberculoid Leprosy......Page 297
Lepromatous Leprosy......Page 298
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM)......Page 299
Nocardia......Page 300
Neisseria, Moraxella, and Acinetobacter......Page 301
Neisseria gonorrheae (Gonorrhea)......Page 302
Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis......Page 303
Neisseria meningitidis (Meningitis, Sepsis)......Page 304
Enterobacteriaceae, Overview......Page 306
Escherichia coli......Page 309
Salmonella (Gastroenteritis, Typhoid Fever, Paratyphoid Fever)......Page 310
Phase Variations of the H Antigens......Page 311
H Phase Variation in Salmonellae......Page 312
Shigella (Bacterial Dysentery)......Page 315
Yersinia pestis......Page 317
Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis......Page 318
Escherichia coli......Page 320
Opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae......Page 323
Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Plesiomonas......Page 324
Vibrio cholerae......Page 325
Mechanism of Action of Cholera Toxin......Page 326
Haemophilus and Pasteurella......Page 328
Haemophilus influenzae......Page 329
Pasteurella......Page 331
Gram-Negative Rod Bacteria with Low Pathogenic Potential......Page 332
Campylobacter......Page 334
Helicobacter pylori......Page 335
Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Burkholderia......Page 336
Pseudomonas aeruginosa......Page 337
Other Pseudomonas species, Stenotrophomonas and Burkholderia......Page 338
Legionella (Legionnaire’s Disease)......Page 339
Brucella (Brucellosis, Bang’s Disease)......Page 341
Pathogenicity Factors of Bordetella pertussis......Page 343
Francisella tularensis (Tularemia)......Page 344
Gram-Negative Anaerobes......Page 345
Mixed Anaerobic Flora......Page 346
Treponema pallidum, subsp. pallidum (Syphilis)......Page 348
Treponema pallidum......Page 350
Treponema carateum (Pinta)......Page 351
Borrelia that Cause Relapsing Fevers......Page 352
Borrelia duttonii......Page 353
Lyme Disease......Page 354
Leptospira (Leptospirosis, Weil Disease)......Page 356
Rickettsia, Coxiella, Orientia, and Ehrlichia (Typhus, Spotted Fever, Q Fever, Ehrlichioses)......Page 358
Bartonella......Page 362
Chlamydia......Page 363
Overview and General Characteristics of Chlamydiae......Page 364
Chlamydia psittaci (Ornithosis, Psittacosis)......Page 365
Chlamydia trachomatis (Trachoma, Lymphogranuloma venereum)......Page 366
Chlamydia pneumoniae......Page 367
Mycoplasma......Page 368
Pathogens, Infections, Frequency......Page 370
Control......Page 373
III Mycology......Page 375
Definition and Taxonomy......Page 376
Morphology......Page 377
Basic Morphological Elements of Fungi......Page 378
Reproduction in Fungi......Page 379
Mycogenic Allergies......Page 380
Host-pathogen interactions......Page 381
Therapy......Page 384
Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplasmosis)......Page 386
Histoplasma capsulatum......Page 387
Coccidioides immitis (Coccidioidomycosis)......Page 388
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (South American Blastomycosis)......Page 389
Candida albicans......Page 390
Clinical Forms of Candidosis......Page 391
Aspergillus (Aspergillosis)......Page 392
Aspergillus fumigatus......Page 393
Cryptococcus neoformans......Page 394
Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus (Mucormycoses)......Page 395
Mucorales (Zygomycetes)......Page 396
Phaeohyphomycetes, Hyalohyphomycetes, Opportunistic Yeasts, Penicillium marneffei......Page 397
Pneumocystis carinii (Pneumocystosis)......Page 398
Cryptococcus neoformans......Page 399
Dermatophytes (Dermatomycoses or Dermatophytoses)......Page 400
Dermatophytes......Page 401
Other Cutaneous Mycoses......Page 402
IV Virology......Page 403
Definition......Page 404
Morphology and Structure......Page 405
Virus Particle Structure......Page 406
Structural Patterns......Page 407
Classification......Page 408
Virus Replication......Page 409
Replication of the Viral Genome......Page 414
Viral Protein Synthesis......Page 415
Protein Synthesis Control......Page 416
Genetics......Page 417
Viruses as Vectors......Page 418
Nongenetic Interactions......Page 419
Cell Destruction (Cytocidal Infection, Necrosis)......Page 420
Virus Replication without Cell Destruction (Noncytocidal Infection)......Page 421
Carcinogenic Retroviruses (“Oncoviruses”)......Page 422
Oncogenes......Page 423
Pathogenesis......Page 424
Defense Mechanisms......Page 427
Synthesis and Effects of Interferon......Page 428
Specific Immune Defenses......Page 429
Prevention......Page 430
Chemotherapy......Page 432
Laboratory Diagnosis......Page 433
Virus Isolation by Culturing......Page 434
Cell Cultures......Page 435
Direct Virus Detection......Page 436
Virus Detection Following Biochemical Amplification......Page 437
Polymerase Chain Reaction......Page 438
Serodiagnosis......Page 439
Parvoviruses......Page 440
Papillomaviruses......Page 441
Warts Caused by Papillomaviruses......Page 442
Polyomaviruses (SV40)......Page 443
Adenoviruses......Page 444
Adenoviruses......Page 445
Herpesviruses......Page 446
Biology of the Herpesviruses......Page 447
Herpes labialis......Page 448
Herpes zoster......Page 450
Brick-Shaped Orthopoxvirus......Page 454
The Family Poxviridae......Page 455
Smallpox (Variola)......Page 456
Hepadnaviruses: Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus......Page 457
Hepatitis B Mutants......Page 458
Serological Markers in Acute Hepatitis B......Page 460
Chronic hepatitis B......Page 461
Picornaviruses......Page 462
Poliovirus......Page 463
Astrovirus and Calicivirus; Hepatitis E......Page 466
Caliciviruses......Page 467
Togaviruses......Page 468
Flaviviruses......Page 470
Coronavirus......Page 474
Coronavirus Replication and Viral Maturation......Page 475
Retroviruses......Page 476
Structure and Genomic Organization of HIV......Page 478
Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV)......Page 479
Reoviruses......Page 483
Viruses with Single-Stranded RNA Genomes, Antisense-Strand Orientation......Page 485
Structure and Replication......Page 486
Bunyaviruses......Page 488
Arenaviruses......Page 490
Ambisense Genome......Page 491
Paramyxoviruses......Page 492
Parainfluenza Virus......Page 493
Measles Exanthem......Page 494
Rhabdoviruses......Page 495
Clinical Course of Rabies......Page 496
Filoviruses (Marburg and Ebola Viruses)......Page 499
Viroids......Page 500
Prions......Page 501
V Parasitology......Page 503
9 Protozoa......Page 504
Giardia intestinalis......Page 506
Trichomonas vaginalis......Page 509
Trypanosoma......Page 511
Trypanosomatidae......Page 512
Distribution of Sleeping Sickness in Africa......Page 513
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense......Page 514
Trypanosoma gambiense and rhodesiense: Life Cycle......Page 515
Distribution of Leishmanioses......Page 521
Leishmanias......Page 522
Leishmania infantum: Life Cycle......Page 525
Entamoeba histolytica and Other Intestinal Amebas......Page 527
Entamoeba histolytica: Life Cycle......Page 529
Differential Diagnosis of Intestinal Protozoa......Page 532
Naegleria, Acanthamoeba, and Balamuthia......Page 535
Toxoplasma gondii......Page 536
Toxoplasma gondii......Page 537
Toxoplasma gondii: Life Cycle......Page 539
Cyclospora cayetanensis......Page 543
Sarcocystis......Page 544
Cryptosporidium......Page 545
Cryptosporidium: Life Cycle......Page 547
Plasmodium......Page 548
Distribution of Malaria......Page 549
Malarial Plasmodia: Life Cycle......Page 551
Development in the Mosquito (Sexual Development and Sporogony)......Page 554
Malaria Prophylaxis by Areas......Page 562
Microspora......Page 566
Microspora......Page 567
Balantidium coli......Page 570
Eggs and Larvae of Important Helminths......Page 571
Eggs and Larvae of Important Helminths......Page 572
Schistosoma (Blood Flukes)......Page 574
Distribution of Schistosomes......Page 575
Schistosoma mansoni Pair......Page 577
Schistosoma mansoni: Life Cycle......Page 578
Migration of Schistosomes in the Human Body......Page 579
Schistosoma granuloma in the Liver......Page 580
Fasciola species......Page 583
Liver Flukes......Page 584
Opisthorchis and Clonorchis (Cat Liver Fluke and Chinese Liver Fluke)......Page 585
Paragonimus (Lung Flukes)......Page 586
Taenia species......Page 588
Cestodes......Page 589
Taenia saginata asiatica......Page 590
Taenia saginata and T. solium: Life Cycles......Page 591
Echinococcus......Page 593
Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis: Life Cycles......Page 595
Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis......Page 597
Distribution of Echinococcus multilocularis......Page 600
Diphyllobothrium......Page 603
Intestinal Nematodes......Page 604
Ascaris lumbricoides......Page 605
Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura: Life Cycles......Page 606
Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)......Page 607
Ancylostoma and Necator (Hookworms)......Page 608
Life Cycles of Hookworms......Page 609
Strongyloides......Page 610
Strongyloides stercoralis: Life Cycle......Page 611
Enterobius......Page 613
Filarioidea (Filariae)......Page 615
Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia species......Page 616
Nematode Infections......Page 619
Microfilariae of Various Filarial Species......Page 620
Table 10.4 Filarial Species Commonly Infecting Humans......Page 617
Mansonella species......Page 621
Onchocerca......Page 622
Dracunculus medinensis (Medina or Guinea Worm)......Page 624
Trichinella......Page 625
Trichinella spiralis: Life Cycle......Page 626
Infections Caused by Nematodal Larvae......Page 629
Larva Migrans Interna or Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM)......Page 630
11 Arthropods......Page 634
Ticks (Ixodida)......Page 635
Arthropod Parasites of Man......Page 636
Mites......Page 638
Lice (Anoplura)......Page 640
Mosquitoes and Flies (Diptera: Nematocera and Brachycera)......Page 644
Fleas (Siphonatera)......Page 646
Stool......Page 649
Blood......Page 650
Cultivation......Page 651
Immunodiagnostic and Molecular Techniques......Page 652
VI Organ System Infections......Page 655
Upper Respiratory Tract......Page 658
Lower Respiratory Tract......Page 660
Urogenital Tract......Page 663
Genital Tract (venereal diseases)......Page 665
Gastrointestinal Tract......Page 666
Digestive Glands and Peritoneum......Page 669
Nervous System......Page 672
Cardiovascular system......Page 675
Hematopoietic and Lymphoreticular System......Page 676
Skin and Subcutaneous Connective Tissue (local or systemic infections with mainly cutaneous manifestation)......Page 678
Bone, Joints, and Muscles......Page 681
Eyes and ears......Page 683
Bacteriology......Page 687
Parasitology......Page 688
Medical Microbiology and the Internet......Page 689
A......Page 691
B......Page 694
C......Page 696
D......Page 699
E......Page 700
G......Page 703
H......Page 704
I......Page 706
L......Page 708
M......Page 710
N......Page 712
O......Page 713
P......Page 714
Q......Page 716
R......Page 717
S......Page 718
T......Page 721
U,V......Page 724
W......Page 725
X,Y,Z......Page 726