Mathematics Manual for Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators: Water Treatment Operations

✍ Scribed by Frank R. Spellman

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 322
• Edition: 3
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

To properly operate a waterworks or wastewater treatment plant and to pass the examination for a waterworks/wastewater operator’s license, it is necessary to know how to perform certain calculations. All operators, at all levels of licensure, need a basic understanding of arithmetic and problem-solving techniques to solve the problems they typically encounter in the workplace.

Hailed on its first publication as a masterly account written in an engaging, highly readable, user-friendly style, the fully updated Mathematics Manual for Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators: Water Treatment Operations covers all the necessary computations used in water treatment today. It presents math operations that progressively advance to higher, more practical applications, including math operations that operators at the highest level of licensure would be expected to know and perform.

Features:

• Provides a strong foundation based on theoretical math concepts, which it then applies to solving practical problems for both water and wastewater operations.

• Updated throughout and with several new practical problems added.

• Provides illustrative examples for commonly used waterworks and wastewater treatment operations covering unit process operations found in today’s treatment facilities.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
About the Author
Chapter 1 Pumping Calculations
1.1 Pumping
1.2 Basic Water Hydraulics Calculations
1.2.1 Weight of Water
1.2.2 Weight of Water Related to the Weight of Air
1.2.3 Water at Rest
1.2.4 Gauge Pressure
1.2.5 Water in Motion
1.2.5.1 Discharge
1.2.6 Pipe Friction
1.3 Basic Pumping Calculations
1.3.1 Pumping Rates
1.3.2 Calculating Head Loss
1.3.3 Calculating Head
1.3.4 Calculating Horsepower and Efficiency
1.3.4.1 Hydraulic Horsepower (WHP)
1.3.4.2 Pump Efficiency and Brake Horsepower (BHP)
1.3.5 Specific Speed
1.4 Positive Displacement Pumps
Chapter 2 Water Source and Storage Calculations
2.1 Water Sources
2.2 Water Source Calculations
2.2.1 Well Drawdown
2.2.2 Well Yield
2.2.3 Specific Yield
2.2.4 Well Casing Disinfection
2.2.5 Deep Well Turbine Pump Calculations
2.2.6 Vertical Turbine Pump Calculations
2.3 Water Storage
2.4 Water Storage Calculations
2.5 Copper Sulfate Dosing
2.6 Potassium Permanganate Dosing
2.6.1 The 411 on Iron and Manganese Removal
2.6.1.1 Iron and Manganese Removal Techniques
2.6.1.2 Precipitation
2.6.1.3 Oxidation
2.6.1.4 Ion Exchange
2.6.1.5 Sequestering
2.6.1.6 Aeration
2.6.1.7 Potassium Permanganate Oxidation and Manganese Greensand
Chapter 3 Coagulation and Flocculation Calculations
3.1 Coagulation
3.2 Flocculation
3.3 Coagulation and Flocculation Calculations
3.3.1 Chamber and Basin Volume Calculations
3.3.2 Detention Time
3.3.2.1 Determining Dry Chemical Feeder Setting (Lb/Day)
3.3.3 Determining Chemical Solution Feeder Setting (GPD)
3.3.4 Determining Chemical Solution Feeder Setting (ML/Min)
3.3.5 Determining Percent of Solutions
3.3.6 Determining Percent Strength of Liquid Solutions
3.3.7 Determining Percent Strength of Mixed Solutions
3.3.8 Dry Chemical Feeder Calibration
3.3.9 Solution Chemical Feeder Calibration
3.3.10 Determining Chemical Usage
3.4 Coagulation and Flocculation Practice Problems
3.5 Chemical Feeders
3.6 Chemical Feeder Calculations
Chapter 4 Sedimentation Calculations
4.1 Sedimentation
4.2 Tank Volume Calculations
4.2.1 Calculating Tank Volume
4.3 Detention Time (DT)
4.4 Surface Overflow Rate (SOR)
4.5 Mean Flow Velocity
4.6 Weir Loading Rate (Weir Overflow Rate, WOR)
4.7 Percent Settled Biosolids
4.8 Determining Lime Dosage (Mg/L)
4.9 Determining Lime Dosage (Lb/Day)
4.10 Determining Lime Dosage (G/Min)
4.11 Sedimentation Practice Problems
Chapter 5 Filtration Calculations
5.1 Water Filtration
5.2 Flow Rate through a Filter (GPM)
5.3 Filtration Rate
5.4 Unit Filter Run Volume (UFRV)
5.5 Backwash Rate
5.5.1 Backwash Rise Rate
5.6 Volume of Backwash Water Required (Gal)
5.7 Required Depth of Backwash Water Tank (Ft)
5.8 Backwash Pumping Rate (GPM)
5.9 Percent Product Water Used for Backwatering
5.10 Percent Mud Ball Volume
5.11 Filter Bed Expansion
5.12 Filter Loading Rate
5.13 Filter Medium Size
5.14 Mixed Media
5.15 Head Loss for Fixed-Bed Flow
5.16 Head Loss through a Fluidized Bed
5.17 Horizontal Washwater Troughs
5.18 Filter Efficiency
5.19 Water Filtration Practice Problems
5.20 Bibliography
Chapter 6 Water Chlorination Calculations
6.1 Chlorine Disinfection
6.2 Determining Chlorine Dosage (Feed Rate)
6.3 Calculating Chlorine Dose, Demand, and Residual
6.4 Breakpoint Chlorination Calculations
6.5 Calculating Dry Hypochlorite Feed Rate
6.6 Calculating Hypochlorite Solution Feed Rate
6.7 Calculating Percent Strength of Solutions
6.7.1 Calculating Percent Strength Using Dry Hypochlorite
6.7.2 Calculating Percent Strength Using Liquid Hypochlorite
6.8 Chemical Use Calculations
6.9 Chlorination Math Practice Problems
Chapter 7 Fluoridation
7.1 Water Fluoridation
7.2 Fluoride Compounds
7.2.1 Sodium Fluoride
7.2.2 Fluorosilicic Acid
7.2.3 Sodium Fluorosilicate
7.3 Optimal Fluoride Levels
7.4 Fluoridation Process Calculations
7.4.1 Percent Fluoride Ion in a Compound
7.4.2 Fluoride Feed Rate
7.4.3 Fluoride Feed Rates for Saturator
7.4.4 Calculated Dosages
7.4.5 Calculated Dosage Problems
7.4.6 Fluoridation Math Practice Problems
Chapter 8 Water Softening
8.1 Water Hardness
8.1.1 Calculating Calcium Hardness, as CaCO3
8.1.2 Calculating Magnesium Hardness, as CaCO3
8.1.3 Calculating Total Hardness
8.1.4 Calculating Carbonate and Noncarbonate Hardness
8.2 Alkalinity Determination
8.3 Determining Bicarbonate, Carbonate, and Hydroxide Alkalinity
8.4 Lime Dosage Calculation for Removal of Carbonate Hardness
8.5 Calculation for Removal of Noncarbonate Hardness
8.6 Recarbonation Calculation
8.7 Calculating Feed Rates
8.8 Ion Exchange Capacity
8.9 Water Treatment Capacity
8.10 Treatment Time Calculation (Until Regeneration Required)
8.11 Salt and Brine Required for Regeneration
8.12 Salt Solutions Table
Chapter 9 Water Treatment Practice Calculations: Basic Math Problems
9.1 Decimal Operations
9.2 Percentage Calculations
9.3 Find x
9.4 Ratio and Proportion
9.5 Area of Rectangles
9.6 Circumference and Area of Circles
9.7 Water Treatment Problems
9.8 Additional Practice Problems
9.8.1 Tank Volume Calculations
9.9 Channel and Pipeline Capacity Calculations
9.10 Miscellaneous Volume Calculations
9.11 Flow, Velocity, and Conversion Calculations
9.12 Average Flow Rates
9.13 Flow Conversions
9.14 General Flow and Velocity Calculations
9.15 Chemical Dosage Calculations
9.16 Advanced Practice Problems
Appendix A: Basic Math Answers
Index