Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Acknowledgments
About the Editor
List of Contributors
Chapter 1 Materials Types and Classifications—Materials Classification Is Based on the Sizes, Shapes, and Structural Differences
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Classification of Nanomaterials
1.2.1 Classification Based on the Synthesis
1.2.2 Classification Based on the Sizes
1.2.3 Classification Based on the Shapes
1.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Synthesis of Materials by Synthetic Approach—Materials Synthesis Using Chemical Approaches
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Production of Nanomaterials by Bottom-Up Approaches
2.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
2.2.2 Solvothermal and Hydrothermal Procedure
2.2.3 Sol-Gel Method for Nanomaterial Production
2.2.4 Soft and Hard Templating Procedure
2.2.5 Nanocasting
2.2.6 Reverse Micelle Procedure
2.2.7 Chemical Co-Precipitation Method
2.2.8 Ball Milling or Mechanical Method
2.2.9 Physical Vapor Deposition Method
2.2.10 Lithography
References
Chapter 3 Synthesis of Materials by Using Green Technology or Biological Approaches
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Significance of Green Synthesis
3.3 Organisms Used in Biologically Synthesized Nanomaterials
3.3.1 Bacteria
3.3.2 Micro-Fungi and Actinomycetes
3.3.3 Yeasts
3.3.4 Micro-Algae and Cyanobacteria
3.3.5 Plants
3.4 Factors Influencing Green Nanomaterials
References
Chapter 4 Chemical Characterizations of Materials—Tools, Machines, Processes, Methods
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Chemical Characterization of Nanomaterials
4.3 Electron Microscopy
4.4 Optical Microscopy
4.5 Light Scattering
4.6 X-Ray Tomography
4.7 Spectroscopy
References
Chapter 5 Structural Characterization of Materials—Tools, Machines, Processes, Methods, and Examples of Characterization
5.1 Introduction
5.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
5.2.1 Basic Parts of the XRD Machine
5.2.2 Working Principle of the XRD Instrument
5.3 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
5.3.1 Basic Parts of the FTIR Instrument
5.3.2 Workings of the FTIR Instrument
5.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
5.4.1 Sample Preparation of Materials and Life Science Specimens (SEM)
5.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
5.5.1 Sample Preparation of Materials and Life Science Specimens (TEM)
References
Chapter 6 In Vitro Testing of Materials for Medical Applications—In Vitro Testing of Materials for Toxicity, Disease Treatment, and Diagnosis
6.1 Introduction
6.2 In Vitro Models
6.2.1 In Vitro 2D and 3D Cell Culture Models
6.2.2 Spheroids
6.2.3 Organ-on-a-Chip
6.3 In Vitro Diagnostics and Treatment of Diseases Using Materials through In Vitro Methods
6.3.1 Cancer
6.3.2 Bacterial Infections
6.3.3 Fungal Infections
6.4 Prerequisites for Reliable In Vitro Testing
6.5 Morphological Evaluation
6.6 Biocompatibility
6.7 In Vitro Toxicity Testing
6.7.1 In Vitro Cytotoxicity Testing
6.7.2 In Vitro Genotoxicity Testing
6.7.3 In Vitro Thrombogenicity Test
6.8 Mechanical Property Evaluation
6.9 Future Trends
References
Chapter 7 Materials Testing for Toxicity, Efficacy, Disease Treatment, and Testing for Disease Diagnosis in the Animal Models
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Pretesting Considerations
7.3 Testing: Types, Comparisons, and Differences
7.4 In Vivo Testing Considerations
7.4.1 In Vivo Genotoxicity
7.4.2 In Vivo Mouse Micronucleus Assays
7.4.3 In Vivo Chromosomal Aberration Assay
7.4.4 Carcinogenicity
7.4.5 Hemocompatibility
7.4.6 In Vivo Thrombosis Testing
7.4.7 Complement Activation
7.4.8 Implantation
7.4.9 Irritation
7.4.10 Sensitization Test
7.4.11 Systemic Toxicity
7.5 Immune Responses to Medical Devices
7.5.1 Tissue Responses
7.5.2 Blood Responses
7.5.3 Long-Term Responses
7.6 Discussion and Future Perspectives
7.6.1 Exploring the Use of Human Cells and Tissues to Replace Animal Models
7.6.2 Organ-on-a-Chip Model
7.6.3 A Novel Development in Toxicology—Nanoparticles
7.6.4 Threshold of Toxicological Concern Initiatives for Medical Devices
7.7 Conclusion
7.8 Abbreviations
References
Chapter 8 Clinical Trials of Materials for Medical Applications—Materials Testing for Toxicity, Efficacy, Disease Treatment, and Diagnosis in Humans (Clinical Trial Phase I, Phase II, Phase III, and Phase IV)
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Phases of Clinical Trials
8.2.1 Phase I
8.2.2 Phase II
8.2.3 Phase III
8.2.4 Phase IV
References
Chapter 9 Business and Market of Material Products for Medical Applications—Material-Based Products, Business and Profits of Products, Major Market Players, Global Trends, Investments, and Future Opportunities
9.1 Introduction
9.2 List of Nanomaterial-Based Products
9.2.1 Emend®
9.2.2 Ostim®
9.2.3 Rapamune®
9.2.4 Vitoss®
9.2.5 Ritalin®
9.2.6 TriCor®
9.2.7 Doxil®
9.2.8 DaunoXome®
9.2.9 Onivyde®
9.2.10 DepoCyt®
9.2.11 Marqibo®
9.2.12 AmBisome®
9.2.13 Vyxeos®
9.2.14 Abelcet®
9.2.15 Visudyne®
9.2.16 Cimzia®
9.2.17 Adagen®
9.2.18 Neulasta®
9.2.19 Oncaspar®
9.2.20 Pegasys®
9.2.21 Somavert®
9.2.22 Macugen®
9.2.23 Mircera®
9.2.24 PEG-INTRON®
9.2.25 Krystexxa®
9.2.26 Plegridy®
9.2.27 Adynovate®
9.2.28 Copaxone®
9.2.29 Eligard®
9.2.30 Renagel®
9.2.31 Estrasorb®
9.2.32 Zilretta®
9.2.33 Abraxane®
9.2.34 Ontak®
9.2.35 Rebinyn®
9.2.36 Feraheme®
9.3 Global Market of Nano-Based Products
9.4 Market Trends of Nanomedicine Products
9.4.1 Key Developments in the Nanomedicine Market
9.5 Challenges in the Nanomedicine Market
References
Chapter 10 Development of Material Products for Medical Applications—Product Development and Approval Process, Patents Trends, US FDA Approval Process, WHO Guidelines, World Global Regulations
10.1 Product Development Process
10.2 Nano-Based Product Approval Process
10.3 Patents Trends for Material/Nanomaterial-Based Products
10.3.1 Patents Granted in the Field of Nanomaterials for Cancer Diagnosis
10.3.2 Patents Granted in the Field of Nanomaterials for Cancer Treatments
10.3.3 Patents Granted in the Field of Nanomaterials for Other Biomedical Applications
10.4 Applications of Some Patents Issued for Medical Applications
10.5 WHO Guidelines for Materials and Nanomaterial-Based Products
10.6 Summary and Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Challenges of Materials Products Used in Medical Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Cationic Polymer-Based Vaccines
11.3 Thermal Ablation Technique
11.4 Dentistry
11.5 Conclusions
Chapter 12 Research Trends in Materials Synthesis and Medical Applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
12.2.1 Sol-Gel Synthesis
12.2.2 Coprecipitation Synthesis
12.2.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis
12.2.4 Electrochemical Synthesis
12.2.5 Sonochemical Synthesis
12.2.6 Green Synthesis
12.2.7 Nanomaterials against Bacterial Infections
12.2.8 Copper Oxide Nanoparticles
12.2.9 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
12.2.10 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
12.2.11 Silver Nanoparticles
12.2.12 Gold Nanoparticles
12.2.13 Nanoparticles in Dental Restorations
12.2.14 Nanoparticles in Scaffolds/Bone Grafting
12.2.15 Nanoparticles in Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
12.3 Conclusion
References
Index