Materials and Interfaces for Clean Energy

✍ Scribed by Shihe Yang, Yongfu Qiu

• Publisher: Jenny Stanford Publishing
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 259
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Currently, the reliance on fossil fuels raises concerns on the increasing global energy demand, the rapid anthropogenic climate changes and growing environmental problems. The grand challenge is to search for viable carbon-neutral sources of renewable energy. Nanomaterials are arguably the base that integrates nanotechnology, information technology, and biotechnology; the major drivers of technological development today. Over the past decades, the understanding of form-function relations surrounding nanomaterials has significantly brightened the prospects of the transition from fossil fuels to solar fuels.

This book introduces the latest developments in nanomaterials aimed at the applications in clean energy areas. It overviews the close link between nanomaterials development and energy applications from the experience and perspective of the authors. It discusses the bottom-up synthesis and interface engineering of new materials of different dimensions and describes their applications in future energy devices such as secondary batteries, novel solar cells, luminescent devices, and water splitting electrolyzers.

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✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1: Valence Electron Involved Energy Conversion
1.2: Enabling Materials and Interfaces
1.2.1: Nanomaterials
1.2.2: Electroactive and Photoactive Materials
1.2.3: Catalytic Materials
1.2.4: Interfaces
Chapter 2: New Material Synthesis
2.1: Carbon Dots Synthesis
2.1.1: Top-Down Methods
2.1.2: Bottom-Up Methods
2.2: Copper Sulfide Nanowire Arrays Synthesis
2.3: Silver Sulfide Nanowire Arrays Synthesis
2.4: Iron Oxide Nanowire Arrays Synthesis
2.5: Copper Hydroxide and Oxide Nanowire Arrays Synthesis
2.6: Ultrathin ZnO 1D Nanowire Arrays Synthesis
2.7: In Situ Cu2S/Au Core/Sheath Nanowire Arrays Synthesis
2.8: In Situ Cu2S/Polypyrrole Core/Sheath Nanowire Arrays Synthesis
2.9: Ultrathin Bi2O3 Nanowire Synthesis
2.10: Ultrathin ZnO Tetrapods Synthesis
2.11: Ultrathin ZnO Nanotubes Synthesis
2.12: Layered Double Hydroxides Synthesis
2.13: Binary-Nonmetal TMCs Synthesis
2.14: Fully Inorganic Trihalide Perovskite Nanocrystals Synthesis
2.14.1: High-Temperature Hot-Injection Route
2.14.2: Room-Temperature Coprecipitation Method
2.14.2.1: Ligand-mediated reprecipitation method
2.14.2.2: Supersaturated recrystallization process
2.14.3: Droplet-Based Microfluidic Approach
2.14.4: Solvothermal Method
2.15: Conclusion
Chapter 3: Interface Engineering of Materials
3.1: Introduction of Perovskite Solar Cells
3.2: Importance of Interfaces in Planar p-i-n PSCs
3.2.1: Energy-Level Alignment
3.2.2: Charge Dynamics
3.2.3: Trap Passivation
3.2.4: Ion Migration
3.3: Interface Engineering of Conventional n-i-p Structure PSCs
3.3.1: From Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells to PSCs
3.3.2: Interface between TCO and Oxide Semiconductor ETL
3.3.3: Interface between ETL and Perovskite
3.3.4: Grain Boundaries in the Perovskite Active Layer
3.3.5: Interface between Perovskite and HTL
3.4: Interface Engineering of Inverted p-i-n Structure PSCs
3.4.1: Current‒Voltage Hysteresis Problem: From n-i-p to p-i-n Structure PSCs
3.4.2: Interface between TCO and HTL
3.4.3: Interface between HTL and Perovskite
3.4.4: Interface between Perovskite and ETL
3.4.5: Interface between ETL and Metal Electrode
3.5: Interface Engineering of C-PSCs
3.5.1: Brief Introduction of C-PSCs
3.5.2: Interface between Oxide Semiconductor ETL and Perovskite
3.5.3: Interface between Perovskite and Carbon-Based Electrode
3.5.4: New-Type Carbon Electrode Materials
3.6: Conclusion and Perspectives
Chapter 4: Carbon Quantum Dot Luminescent Materials
4.1: Introduction
4.1.1: Semiconductor Physical Basis
4.1.1.1: Energy band
4.1.1.2: Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors
4.1.1.3: p-n junction
4.1.1.4: Direct and indirect bandgap semiconductors
4.1.2: Semiconductor Luminescence
4.1.2.1: Luminous process of direct bandgap semiconductor materials
4.1.2.2: Luminescence process of indirect bandgap semiconductor materials
4.2: Fluorescence Properties of Carbon Quantum Dots
4.2.1: Introduction of Carbon Quantum Dots
4.2.2: Fluorescence Emission from Bandgap Transitions of Conjugated π-Domains
4.2.3: Fluorescence Emission of Surface Defect-Derived Origin
4.2.4: Up-Conversion Fluorescence
4.3: Room Temperature Phosphorescence Properties of CQDs
4.4: Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Properties of CQDs
4.5: Summary
Chapter 5: Application in Lithium-Ion Battery
5.1: Various Precursors to Hierarchically Porous Micro-/Nanostructures
5.1.1: Metal Hydroxide Precursors
5.1.2: Metal Carbonate Precursors
5.1.3: Metal Carbonate Hydroxide Precursors
5.1.4: Metal-Organic Framework Precursors
5.1.5: Other Precursors
5.2: Application in LIBs
5.2.1: Anode Materials
5.2.2: Cathode Materials
5.3: Conclusion
Chapter 6: Application in Perovskite Solar Cells
6.1: Working Principle and Characterization of Solar Cell
6.2: Crystal Structures of I-PVKs
6.3: Lead-Based Inorganic Perovskites
6.3.1: CsPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells
6.3.2: CsPbBr3 Perovskite Solar Cells
6.3.3: CsPbI3-xBrx Perovskite Solar Cells
6.4: Lead-Free Inorganic Perovskites
6.4.1: CsSnI3 Perovskite Solar Cells
6.4.2: CsSnBr3 Perovskite Solar Cells
6.4.3: CsSnI3-xBrx Perovskite Solar Cells
6.4.4: CsGeI3 Perovskite Solar Cells
6.5: Perovskite-Derived Materials
6.5.1: Sn-Based Perovskites
6.5.2: Bi-Based Perovskites
6.5.3: Sb-Based Perovskites
6.5.4: Double Perovskites
6.6: Issues and Outlooks
6.7: Conclusion
Chapter 7: Application in Electrocatalytic Water Splitting
7.1: HER Fundamentals
7.1.1: Hydrogen Adsorption on Catalyst Surface
7.1.2: Reaction Pathways
7.2: Binary-Nonmetal TMCs for Hydrogen Evolution
7.2.1: Transition-Metal Sulfoselenides (MSSe)
7.2.2: Transition-Metal Phosphosulfides
7.2.3: Transition-Metal Carbonitrides
7.3: Some Basics of OER Catalysis
7.4: Transition-Metal-Based Layered Double Hydroxides for Oxygen Evolution
7.4.1: Unary Metal-Based Layered Double Hydroxides
7.4.1.1: VIII group single transition-metal hydroxides/oxyhydroxides
7.4.1.2: V-hydroxides/oxyhydroxides
7.4.2: Binary Metal-Based LDH
7.4.2.1: NiFe LDH
7.4.2.2: Other Ni-based binary metal LDHs
7.4.2.3: Co-based binary metal LDH
7.4.3: Ternary Metal-Based LDH
7.5: Mechanistic Studies of OER
7.6: Summary and Prospects
7.6.1: Difficulty in Synthesizing Well-Defined Binary-Nonmetal TMC Materials
7.6.2: Difficulty in Characterizing Precise Locations of As-Doped Foreign Nonmetal Atoms in Binary-Nonmetal TMC Materials
7.6.3: Need for Further Improvement in
Their HER Electrocatalytic
Performance
Index