Mastering Analog Electronics : Unlocking the Power of Circuits and Semiconductors

✍ Scribed by Hubert Henry Ward

• Publisher: Apress
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Embark on a transformative journey through the intricate world of analogue electronics. This comprehensive guide is designed to empower learners at every level with the knowledge and practical expertise necessary for a successful career in analogue electronics.

Starting with the foundational disparities between analogue and digital electronics, this book provides a clear understanding of current flow, conductors, and insulators. You’ll delve into the realm of semiconductors, uncovering their revolutionary impact and the art of manipulating them through doping techniques. The heart of analogue circuitry comes alive as you explore PN junctions, grasp diode behavior, and utilize TINA 12 ECAD software for hands-on simulations. Transistors and the Opamp then take center-stage, from their configurations to their roles as switches and amplifiers, with practical examples and simulations enhancing your comprehension.

Master the unique attributes of bipolar junction transistors and field effect transistors, honing your skills using TINA 12. Dive into operational amplifiers functions, and versatile configurations, and navigate mathematical operations and signal filtering. Whether you’re a novice or an experienced engineer, embark on this educational journey today with Mastering Analogue Electronics and unleash your potential in analogue circuit design.

What You’ll Learn

Understand the dynamics of current flow.
Explore semiconductor structures and their role in crafting diodes and transistors.
Dive into the world of Uni Junction Transistors and Field Effect Transistors.
Design a spectrum of analogue circuits, unleashing your creative potential.
Harness the potential of oscillators such as the multivibrator, the 555 timer and the Wien Bridge oscillator.
Gain an introduction to the basic low and high pass filters both passive and active.

✦ Table of Contents

Table of Contents
About the Author
About the Technical Reviewer
Introduction
Chapter 1: Electrical Current
The Main Operation of All Electrical Circuits
The Mighty Electron
The Charge “C” of an Electron
Bohr’s Postulates
The Valence Shell
The Sea of Free Electrons
The Octal Rule
The Semiconductor
Covalent Bonding
The Extrinsic Semiconductor Introducing Some Impurities
The Pentavalent Impurity
The PN Junction
Biasing the PN Junction
The NPN Sandwich
The PNP Sandwich
More Common Semiconductor Devices
Current Flow, DC and ac, Voltage, PD, Amp, etc.
Current Flow
DC
PD and Voltage
What Is Current Flow
The Amp or Ampere
Alternating Current (ac)
The rms or Root Mean Square
Summary
Chapter 2: Semiconductor Devices
The Diode
Forward Biasing the Diode
Reverse Biasing
The Forward Diode Voltage Drop
Rectification
Full-Wave Rectification
Full-Wave Rectification Using the Bridge Rectifier
Designing a Power Supply Unit (PSU)
Smoothing
The Average Voltage Output of the Half-Wave Rectifier
The Turns Ratio for the Transformer
Choosing the Value for the Smoothing Capacitor
The Zener Diode
The Shunt Regulator
The Main Principle of Operation
The Zener Resistor RZ
The Minimum Working Source Voltage
Testing the Regulation of the Circuit
Summary
Chapter 3: More Semiconductor Devices
The SCR or Thyristor
The One-Pulse Converter
The Loading Effect of the SCR
Buffering the Phase Shift Circuit
Exercise 3.1
Controlling an Inductive Load with an SCR
Adding a Flywheel Diode
The Average Voltage Across the Load
Exercise 3.2
The Average Voltage with RL Load and No Flywheel Diode
Exercise 3.3
The Triac
The Diac
The Operation of the Diac
Using the Diac
Summary
Chapter 4: The NPN and PNP Junctions
The NPN Junction
The Symbols and Acronyms of a Transistor
The Characteristics of a Transistor
The Common Base Configuration
The Current Characteristics and the Current Gain “Alpha α”
Analyzing the Test Results from the Circuit in Figure 4-5
The Output Characteristics
Current Characteristics
The Common Base Amplifier
The Common Base Leakage Current (ICBO)
The Gain Terms “Alpha α” and “Beta β”
The Common Emitter Configuration
The Input Characteristics of the Common Emitter Configuration
The Output Characteristics of the Common Emitter Configuration
The Common Emitter Amplifier
The Current Characteristics of the Common Emitter Configuration
The Common Collector Configuration
Summary
Chapter 5: The Common Emitter Amplifier
The Basic Amplifier or Fixed Bias Amplifier
The Value of the Load Resistor RL
Applying an “ac” Signal
Changing the Value of Beta
Designing a Class “A” Stabilized Amplifier
The Gradient of the Load Line
Exercise 5.1
The ac Gain of the Stabilized Class “A” Amplifier
The Emitter Resistor RE
The Input Capacitor C1
Exercise 5.2
Summary
Chapter 6: Further Analysis of the BJT Amplifier
An Alternative Approach to Designing a Class A Amplifier
Exercise 6.1
The Mid-Frequency ac Model of an Amplifier
The Input Resistance of the Transistor
Determine the Input Resistance of the Transistor Rb Using the ac Model
The Output Resistance
The Voltage Gain AV
Is the ac Model Valid
The (b+1) Parameter
The Bandwidth of the BJT Amplifier Circuit
The Emitter Bypass Capacitor
The Effects of Interstage Loading
Exercise 6.2
Exercise 6.3
Moving the Biasing Point
Creating a Class B Amplifier
The Push-Pull Amplifier
The Power Amplifier
A Simple Audio Amplifier with a Small Speaker Output
Exercise 6.4
Summary
Chapter 7: The Field Effect Transistor
Introduction
The Makeup of the JFET
Testing the JFET
The Semiconductor Analysis of the JFET
The Pinch-Off Voltage
Turning On and Off the JFET
The Threshold Voltage VT
Turning On and Off a P-Channel JFET
The MOSFET
Turning On the Enhancement-Type MOSFET
The Depletion-Type MOSFET
The P-Channel MOSFET
The MOSFET Amplifier
The –3db Point Benchmark
The Bypass Capacitor
Exercise 7.1
Summary
Chapter 8: The Beginnings of the Operational Amplifier
The Differential Amplifier
The Long-Tailed Pair
Adding Noise to the Signal
Improving the Gain
The Constant Current Source
The Current Mirror
Exercise 8.1
Summary
Chapter 9: The Operational Amplifier
The Opamp
The Offset Null Inputs
The Unity Gain Buffer
The Inverting Opamp
An Alternative Analysis
VX Due to VOUT
VX Due to VIN
The Complete Expression for VX
The Expression for the Voltage Gain
The Input Impedance of the Inverting Opamp
Designing an Inverting Opamp
Exercise 9.1
The Non-inverting Opamp
The Input Impedance of the Non-inverting Opamp
Exercise 9.2
The Operations of the Operational Amplifier
The Summing Opamp
Exercise 9.3
The Differential Amplifier
Exercise 9.4
A Useful Application of the Differential Amplifier
Exercise 9.5
Exercise 9.6
The Integrating Opamp
Exercise 9.7
A Sawtooth Generator
Exercise 9.8
The ac Voltage Gain of the Integrator Circuit
The Differentiator Opamp
The Gain of the Differentiating Opamp
The Instability of the Differentiating Opamp
The Voltage Comparator
Exercise 9.9
The Opamp As a Subtractor
Summary
Chapter 10: Oscillators
Multivibrators
The Monostable
Laplace Transforms
The Output Voltage of Circuit 10.3
The Voltage Across the Capacitor VC
The Triggering of the Monostable
The Time the Output Is High
The Charging of a Capacitor with an Initial Voltage
Exercise 10.1
The Bistable Multivibrator
Exercise 10.2
The Phase Shift Oscillator
The Requirements of the Oscillator Circuit
The Phase Shift Oscillator
Exercise 10.3
The Wien Bridge Oscillator
Exercise 10.4
The Attenuation and Phase Shift of the Feedback Path
Exercise 10.5
The Gain of the Opamp
Exercise 10.6
The 555 Timer
The Pins of the 555 Timer
The Timer Used As a Monostable
Exercise 10.7
The Basic Astable
Creating a 50/50 Duty Cycle Square Wave
Exercise 10.8
Summary
Chapter 11: Filters
Filters and Passive Filters
The CR Passive Filters
Complex Numbers and Phasor Quantities
An Asymptotic Bode Plot
The Half Power Point Benchmark and the  Frequency of Cutoff
Exercise 11.1
The RL Filter
Exercise 11.2
Active Filters
Exercise 11.3
The First-Order High Pass Filter
High-Order Active Filters
Exercise 11.4
The Second-Order Filter
When f = 5kHz
When f = 10kHz
Exercise 11.5
The Second-Order Active Filter
When f = 5kHz
Exercise 11.6
The High Pass Second-Order Active Filter
Exercise 11.7
Exercise 11.8
The Butterworth Filter
A Third-Order Butterworth Filter
Exercise 11.9
Exercise 11.10
Adding More Gain
Exercise 11.11
Higher-Order Filters
Exercise 11.12
Summary
Chapter 12: Using TINA 12
What Is ECAD and TINA 12
Running the Software
Creating Our First Test Circuit
Connecting Up the Circuit
Running the AC Analysis
Transient Analysis
Using the Oscilloscope
Summary
Appendix 1: The Average Voltage of a Half-Wave Rectifier
The Average Voltage of a Half-Wave Rectifier
Exercise 3.1
Exercise 3.2
Exercise 3.3
Exercise 5.1
Exercise 5.2
Exercise 6.1
Exercise 6.2
Exercise 6.3
Exercise 6.4
Exercise 7.1
Exercise 8.1
Exercise 9.1
Exercise 9.2
Exercise 9.3
Exercise 9.4
Exercise 9.5
Exercise 9.6
Exercise 9.7
Exercise 9.8
Exercise 9.9
Exercise 10.1
Exercise 10.2
Exercise 10.3
Exercise 10.4
Exercise 10.5
Exercise 10.6
Exercise 10.7
Exercise 10.8
Exercise 11.1
Exercise 11.2
Exercise 11.3
Exercise 11.4
Exercise 11.5
Exercise 11.6
Exercise 11.7
Exercise 11.8
Exercise 11.9
Exercise 11.10
Exercise 11.11
Exercise 11.12
An Example from Chapter 11
Index