Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 Introduction to Part I: Mapping, Monitoring, and Modeling of Land Resources
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Individual Chapters
References
Chapter 2 Spatio-Temporal Investigation of Mining Activity and Its Effect on Landscape Dynamics: A Geo-Spatial Study of Beejoliya Tehsil, Rajasthan (India)
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials and Methods
2.2.1 Study Area
2.2.2 Data Used
2.2.3 Methodology
2.3 Results and Discussion
2.3.1 LULC Change Assessment
2.3.2 LULC Gain and Losses and Prediction Modeling
2.3.3 NDVI Change Assessment
2.3.4 Elevation Profile Change Assessment
2.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Mapping Areas for Growing Pulses in Rice Fallows Using Multi-Criteria Spatial Decisions
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Materials and Methods
3.2.1 Study Area
3.2.2 Data and Methodology
3.2.3 Potential Areas for Identification of Pulses
3.2.4 Identification of Assessment Factors
3.2.5 Fuzzy Set Modeling
3.2.6 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Approach
3.2.7 Calculation of Suitability Index Using Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM)
3.2.8 Generating Land Suitability Maps
3.3 Results and Discussion
3.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Assessing Desertification Using Long-Term MODIS and Rainfall Data in Himachal Pradesh (India)
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Study Area
4.3 Materials and Methods
4.3.1 Methodology
4.3.2 MODIS NDVI Analysis
4.3.3 RUE
4.3.4 Residual Image
4.3.5 Statistical Significance Test
4.3.6 Significance Level
4.4 Results and Discussion
4.4.1 Relationship between NDVI and Rainfall
4.4.2 RUE
4.4.3 RUE Trend
4.4.4 Residual Trend and Human-Induced Desertification
4.4.5 Regression Slope between Residual NDVI and Time (Year)
4.4.6 Comparison between RUE and RESTREND
4.5 Conclusions
4.6 Scope for Further Research
Bibliography
Chapter 5 Land Use/Land Cover Characteristics of Odisha Coastal Zone: A Retrospective Analysis during the Period between 1990 and 2017
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Study Area
5.3 Data Used
5.4 Methodology
5.4.1 Pre-processing of Satellite Image
5.4.2 Land Use Land Cover (LULC) Map Preparation
5.4.3 Land Use/Land Cover Change Analysis
5.4.4 Accuracy Assessment
5.4.5 Estimation of Resource Degradation
5.5 Results
5.5.1 Spatio-temporal Distribution of LULC Categories
5.5.1.1 Agricultural Fallow Land
5.5.1.2 Cultivated Land
5.5.1.3 Aquaculture
5.5.1.4 Fallow/Open Land
5.5.1.5 Beach/Sand Dune (with Vegetation)
5.5.1.6 Industrial Built-up Area
5.5.1.7 Mudflat
5.5.1.8 Mangrove
5.5.1.9 Marshy Land
5.5.1.10 Open Vegetation
5.5.1.11 Rural and Urban Settlement
5.5.1.12 Scrub Land
5.5.1.13 Water Bodies (Streams/Canals/Ponds/Lakes)
5.5.1.14 Ocean
5.5.2 Estimation of Land Degradation Characteristics
5.6 Discussion
5.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6 Evaluating Landscape Dynamics in Jamunia Watershed, Jharkhand (India) Using Earth Observation Datasets
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Materials and Methods
6.2.1 Study Area
6.2.2 Data Processing
6.2.3 LULC Classification
6.2.4 Landscape Metrics Analysis
6.3 Results and Discussion
6.3.1 Classification and Accuracy Assessment of LULC Images
6.3.2 Fragmentation Analyses
6.4 Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 Drought Frequency and Soil Erosion Problems in Puruliya District of West Bengal, India: A Geo-Environmental Study
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Role of Open Source Software Packages
7.2.1 SAGA
7.2.2 QGIS
7.2.3 GRASS GIS
7.2.4 Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS)
7.2.5 Others
7.3 Materials and Methods
7.3.1 Study Area
7.3.2 Methodology
7.3.2.1 Assessment and Monitoring of Vegetative Drought
7.3.2.2 Modeling Soil Erosion:
7.4 Results and Discussion
7.4.1 Spatio-Temporal Severity of Drought
7.4.2 Threat of Soil Erosion
7.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 8 Effects of Cyclone Fani on the Urban Landscape Characteristics of Puri Town, India: A Geospatial Study Using Free and Open Source Software
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Materials and Methods
8.2.1 Study Area
8.2.2 Data Source
8.2.3 Image Processing
8.2.4 LULC Classification
8.2.5 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) based assessment
8.2.6 Community PerceptionβBased Vegetation Appraisal
8.2.7 Change Detection Analysis
8.3 Results and Discussion
8.3.1 Land Use and Land Cover Pattern of Puri Town
8.3.2 Pre-Fani Vegetation Scenario
8.3.3 Post-Fani Vegetation Scenario
8.3.4 Cyclone-Induced Changes in Vegetation Cover
8.3.5 Community-Formulated Plantation Guidelines
8.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9 Land Resource Mapping and Monitoring: Advances of Open Source Geospatial Data and Techniques
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Combinatorial Innovation in Sustainable Land Management
9.3 Big (Geo) Data
9.3.1 Coarse Resolution Satellite Data (>100 m Pixel Size)
9.3.2 Medium Resolution Satellite Data (10β99 m Pixel Size)
9.3.3 High Resolution Satellite Data (<10 m Pixel Size)
9.4 Web Search Engine for Free Access Remote Sensing Data
9.4.1 Open Source Vector Data
9.5 Open Source Software for Land Resource Mapping and Monitoring
9.6 Crowdsource Platform
9.7 High-Quality Ground Truth and Land Use Management
9.8 Cloud Computing
9.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Introduction to Part II: Mapping, Monitoring, and Modeling of Water Resources
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Individual Chapters
References
Chapter 11 Improving Wetland Mapping Techniques Using the Integration of Image Fusion Techniques and Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Study Area
11.3 Materials and Methodology
11.3.1 Materials
11.3.2 Methods for Image Fusion
11.3.3 Methods for Evaluating the Performances of Image Fusion Techniques
11.3.4 Artificial Neural Network for Wetlands Mapping
11.3.5 Validation of Wetland Maps
11.3.6 Comparisons of Wetland Mapping Models
11.3.6.1 Kendall Correlation
11.3.6.2 Spearmanβs Correlation
11.4 Results and Discussion
11.4.1 Analysis of Image Fusion Techniques
11.4.2 Evaluation of the Image Fusion Techniques
11.4.3 Wetland Mapping Using Artificial Neural Network
11.4.4 Validation of the Wetland Modeling Models
11.4.5 Comparison of the Association among Wetland Modeling Models
11.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
Chapter 12 Open Source Geospatial Technologies for Generation of Water Resource Development Plan
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Study Area
12.3 Data Used
12.4 Methodology
12.4.1 WRDP Generation Using Open Source Desktop GIS
12.4.2 WRDP Generation Using Web-Enabled Open Source GIS
12.4.2.1 Creation of Database and Web Services
12.4.2.2 Development of Customized Web GIS Application for WRDP Generation
12.5 Results and Discussion
12.5.1 Desktop Interface
12.5.2 Web Interface
12.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13 Geo-Spatial Enabled Water Resource Development Plan for Decentralized Planning in India: Myths and Facts
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Water Resource Development Program in India
13.2 Materials and Methods
13.2.1 Extent and Size of Water Resource Development Plans
13.2.2 Effect of Scale on Water Resource Development Plan
13.2.2.1 Study Area
13.2.2.2 Remote Sensing/GIS Data Used
13.2.2.3 Remote Sensing / GIS Software Used
13.2.2.4 Process Flow for Image Analysis
13.3 Results and Discussion
13.3.1 Generation of Thematic Map
13.3.2 Slope
13.3.3 Land Capability
13.3.4 Erosion
13.3.5 Soil Depth
13.3.6 Drainage
13.3.7 Land Use/Land Cover
13.3.7.1 Land Evaluation and Land Use Plan
13.3.8 Water Resource Action Plan Generation
13.3.9 Weighted Overlay Techniques
13.3.10 Resource Conservation Practices in India
13.3.10.1 Water and Soil Conservation Activities in Maharashtra State
13.4 Conclusion
13.4.1 Effect of Water Resources on the Community
References
Chapter 14 Automatic Extraction of Surface Waterbodies of Bilaspur District, Chhattisgarh (India)
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Study Area
14.3 Methods
14.3.1 Spectral Water Indexes
14.3.2 Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)
14.3.3 Modified Difference Water Index (MNDWI)
14.3.4 Water Ratio Index (WRI)
14.3.5 Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI)
14.3.6 Accuracy Assessment
14.3.7 Correlation Analysis And Evaluation
14.4 Results and Discussion
14.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Valuing Ecosystem Services for the Protection of Coastal Wetlands Using Benefit Transfer Approach: Evidence from Bangladesh
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Materials and Methods
15.2.1 Study Area
15.2.2 Methodology
15.2.3 Land Use Land Cover Classification
15.2.4 Ecosystem Services Value (ESV) Estimation
15.2.5 Spatial Analysis of ESV Flow
15.2.6 Sensitivity Factor
15.3 Results
15.3.1 Land Cover Classes in the Study Area
15.3.2 Estimation of Total ESV
15.3.3 Estimation of Ecosystem Function Value (ESVf)
15.3.4 Significance of Land Use Types for ESV
15.4 Discussion
15.5 Conclusion and Policy Implications for Sustainable Conservation
References
Chapter 16 Identification of Groundwater Prospect of Bilaspur District: A Multi-Criteria Decision Making Approach
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Study Area
16.3 Methods
16.3.1 Pre-Field and Field Work Activities
16.3.2 Post-Field Activities
16.3.3 Rainfall Estimation
16.3.4 Drainage Density
16.3.5 Average Groundwater Level Depth
16.3.6 Integration of Thematic Layers
16.3.7 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
16.3.8 Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Analysis to Find Groundwater Potential Zone
16.4 Results and Discussion
16.4.1 Lithology
16.4.2 Soil
16.4.3 Drainage Density
16.4.4 Rainfall
16.4.5 Average Pre-Monsoon and Post-Monsoon Groundwater Depth
16.4.6 Elevation
16.4.7 Slope
16.4.8 Land Use/Land Cover
16.4.9 Vegetation Vigor
16.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 Long-Term Drought Assessment and Prediction Driven by CORDEX-RCM: A Study on a Hydro-Meteorologically Significant Watershed of West Bengal
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Methodology
17.2.1 Study Area
17.2.2 Data Sources and Software
17.2.2.1 Use of Open Source Software
17.2.3 Methods
17.2.3.1 Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)
17.2.3.2 Definition
17.2.3.3 Drought Frequency
17.2.3.4 Drought Duration
17.2.3.5 Drought Magnitude and Drought Intensity
17.2.3.6 Trend Analysis
17.3 Results and Discussion
17.3.1 Nature of Drought
17.3.1.1 Meteorological Drought
17.3.1.2 Agricultural Drought
17.3.1.3 Hydrological Drought
17.3.1.4 Socio-Economic Drought
17.3.2 Drought Frequency
17.3.3 Total Drought Duration
17.3.4 Drought Progression
17.3.4.1 Temporal Progression of Drought
17.3.4.2 Spatial Progression of Drought
17.3.5 Drought Magnitude and Intensity
17.3.6 Trend Analysis
17.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 18 Use of Open Source Software to Assess Spatio-Temporal Variation of Agricultural Drought at Regional Scale
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Study Area
18.3 Materials and Methods
18.3.1 Data Used
18.3.2 Vegetation Condition Index (VCI)
18.3.3 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
18.3.4 Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI)
18.3.5 Yield Anomaly Index (YAI)
18.4 Results and Discussion
18.4.1 Spatio-Temporal Pattern of Vegetational Drought Using VCI
18.4.2 Spatio-Temporal Pattern of Meteorological Drought using SPI
18.4.3 Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI)
18.4.4 Crop Production and Yield Anomaly Index (YAI)
18.4.5 Yield Anomaly Index and Standardized Precipitation Index
18.4.6 Standard Precipitation Index and Vegetation Condition Index
18.4.7 Yield Anomaly Index and Vegetation Condition Index
18.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19 Snow Cover Monitoring Using Topographical Parameters for Beas River Catchment Area
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Materials and Methods
19.2.1 Study Area
19.2.2 Data Used
19.2.3 Methodology
19.3 Results and Discussion
19.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 20 Land Surface Water Resource Monitoring and Climate Change
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Surface Water Monitoring
20.2.1 Multispectral Optical Data
20.2.2 Microwave Remote Sensing
20.3 Water Quality Monitoring Using Remote Sensing
20.4 Open Source Image Processing and Geographic Information System (GIS) Software and Platforms
20.5 Climate Alteration Impacts
20.6 Conclusion
20.7 Supplementary
References
Index