Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Author
Part 1 General Considerations
Chapter 1 Local Strength Problems in Ship Structures
1.1 Local Strength Problems in Ship Structures
1.2 Description of Structural Components
1.2.1 Major Substructures
1.2.2 Stiffening Systems
1.2.3 Types of Stiffeners
1.2.4 Connections
1.3 Materials Used in Ship Structures
1.3.1 Shipbuilding Steels
1.3.2 Other Alloys
1.3.3 Composite Materials
1.3.4 Sandwich Panels
1.3.5 Hybrid Structures
1.4 A Bottom-Up Approach for Ship Structural Analysis and Design. The Stress Hierarchy Model
1.4.1 Primary Stresses - (σ1)
1.4.2 Secondary Stresses - (σ2)
1.4.3 Tertiary Stresses - (σ3)
1.5 Structural Types and Modelling
1.6 Load Transfer
1.6.1 Primary Load Transfer
1.6.2 Secondary Load Transfer
1.6.3 Tertiary Load Transfer
Note
References
Chapter 2 Engineering Mechanics and Ship Structures
2.1 General Considerations
2.2 Rigid Body Theory and Structural Determinacy (Redundancy)
2.3 Mechanics of Solids and Ship Structures
2.4 Boundary Conditions
2.5 Force and Potential Energy
2.6 Dynamic and Static Loading and Response of Marine Structures
2.7 The Principle of Least Action and Newton’s Second Law of Motion
2.8 Derivation of the Euler–Lagrange Equations
2.9 The Principles of Virtual Work and Complementary Virtual Work
2.10 The Principle of Stationary Potential Energy
2.11 Stability and the Principle of Minimum Potential Energy
2.12 Choosing between the Equilibrium Approach and Energy-Based Methods
Notes
References
Chapter 3 Differential Equations in Ship Structures
3.1 The Mathematical Representation of Ship Structural Members
3.2 Linearity and Nonlinearity in Engineering Structures and Mathematics
3.3 Second-Order Linear Ordinary Differential Equations
3.4 Solution Requirements
3.5 Fourth-Order Linear Ordinary Differential Equations
3.6 Fourth-Order Linear Partial Differential Equations (Biharmonic Equation)
3.7 Systems of Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations
3.8 Two Methods Used to Solve Differential Equations
3.8.1 Galerkin’s Method
3.8.2 The Dynamic Relaxation Method
3.8.2.1 Finite Difference Methods
3.8.2.2 The Dynamic Relaxation Algorithm
3.8.2.3 Finite Difference Grids. Use of Interlacing Meshes
3.8.2.4 Finite Difference Form of Mathematical Expressions
Notes
References
Chapter 4 Marine Structural and Material Behaviour
4.1 The Effect of Geometry on the Failure Modes of Structures
4.2 Static Response of Marine Structures
4.2.1 Bending and Stretching
4.2.2 Compression
4.2.3 Shear and Combined Loads
4.3 Plane Stress Behaviour in Ship Structures
4.3.1 External Force and Internal Stress Equilibrium
4.3.1.1 Equations of Internal Equilibrium
4.3.1.2 Normal and Principal Stresses
4.3.1.3 Mohr’s Circle
4.3.2 Geometrical Compatibility and Deformations
4.3.3 Constitutive Laws
4.3.3.1 Material Behaviour and Constitutive Relations
4.3.3.2 Stress-Strain Relations in the Elastic Range
4.3.3.3 Nonlinear Material Behaviour. The Linear Elastic, Perfectly Plastic Material
4.3.3.4 The von Mises Yield Criterion
4.3.3.5 Material Stability. Normality and Convexity of the Yield Surface
4.3.3.6 Plastic Flow and Flow Rules
4.3.3.7 Determination of the Elasto-Plastic Tangential Stiffness and the Plastic Strain Rate Multiplier
Notes
References
Chapter 5 Application of the Finite Element Method to Local Ship Structural Problems
5.1 The Analysis of Local Ship Structure Problems Using the Finite Element Method
5.1.1 Structural Modelling and Discretisation
5.1.2 Bending of a Stiffened Plate. Modelling Considerations
5.1.2.1 Mesh Size and Density
5.1.2.2 Mesh Transitions
5.1.2.3 Stiffness Ratio of Adjacent Elements
5.1.2.4 Element Shape Limitations
5.1.2.5 Mesh Quality Control
5.1.3 Axial Loading of a Stiffened Plate
5.1.4 Boundary Conditions
5.1.5 Symmetry Considerations
5.2 Stiffened Plate Analysis
5.2.1 Uniform Lateral Pressure
5.2.2 In-Plane Loading
5.3 Web Frame Analysis
5.3.1 Background
5.3.2 Ice Loading
5.3.3 The Finite Element Model
5.3.3.1 General
5.3.3.2 Boundary Conditions and Interaction with Adjacent Structure
5.3.3.3 Properties of Elements Used
5.3.3.4 Mesh Design
5.3.3.5 Structural Response
5.4 Fatigue Assessment of Critical Details Using the FEM
5.4.1 The Hot-Spot Stress Approach
5.4.2 Mesh Size and Type
5.4.3 Element Type
5.4.4 Element Size and Geometry
5.4.5 Estimation of the Hot-Spot Stress, σ[sub(HS)]
5.5 Fatigue Life Prediction Using Classification Society Software
5.5.1 The Test Model and Experimental Results
5.5.2 Comparison of Numerical Results
Notes
References
Part 2 Structural Members
Chapter 6 Lateral Loading of Rectangular Plates
6.1 Ship Plating Subjected to Lateral Pressure Loads
6.2 Long Plates
6.2.1 Linear Elastic Response (Small Deflection Theory)
6.2.2 Elasto-Plastic Response of Plates with Edges Free-to-Slide
6.2.3 Elasto-Plastic Response of Plates with Fully Built-in Edges
6.2.4 Membrane Response of Slender Plates
6.2.4.1 Elastic Response of Membrane Plate
6.2.4.2 Plastic Response of Membrane Plate
6.3 Finite Aspect Ratio Plates
6.3.1 Linear Elastic Response. The Biharmonic Equation and Solution Techniques
6.3.2 Boundary Conditions for Isolated Plates
6.3.3 Boundary Conditions for Ship Plating
6.3.4 Solution of the Biharmonic Equation Using Navier’s Method
6.3.5 Nonlinear Elastic Response
6.3.5.1 The Equations of Equilibrium
6.3.5.2 The Effects of Membrane Stresses and Large Deflections
6.3.5.3 The Effect of Initial Distortions
6.3.6 The Strain Energy Method
6.3.6.1 Linear Elastic Response
6.3.6.2 Nonlinear Elastic Response
6.3.7 Rigid-Plastic Response of Plates with Edges Free-to-Slide
6.3.7.1 Yield Line Analysis
6.3.7.2 The Membrane Yield Method
6.4 Design of Ship Plating Subjected to Lateral Pressure Loads
6.4.1 The Permissible Permanent Set Method
6.4.2 The Maximum Permissible Load Method
Notes
References
Chapter 7 Buckling Strength of Plating in Compression and in Shear
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Uniaxial Edge Compression of Rectangular Plates
7.2.1 Boundary Conditions of Ship Plating
7.2.2 Linear Elastic (Pre-Buckling) Response
7.2.3 Phenomenological Aspects of Buckling and Post-Buckling Behaviour of Plates
7.2.4 Linear Elastic Buckling of a Uniaxially Compressed Long Rectangular Plate
7.2.5 Post-Buckling Response of Plates in the Elastic Range
7.2.6 Distributions of In-Plane Stresses in the Post-buckling Range
7.2.7 Ultimate Load of a Rectangular Plate in Compression Using the Effective Width Method
7.2.8 The Effect of Initial Imperfections on the Ultimate Strength of Plates
7.2.9 Wide Plates in Uniaxial Edge Compression
7.3 Plates under Shear Loading
7.3.1 The Response of Thin Plating Subjected to Shear Loading
7.3.2 Pure Diagonal Tension
7.3.3 Incomplete Diagonal Tension
7.3.4 Linear Elastic Buckling of a Plate Subjected to Shear Loading
7.3.5 Design of Plating Subjected to Shear Loading. The Rotated Stress Field Method
Notes
References
Chapter 8 Buckling Strength of Ship Plating Subjected to Combined Loads
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Combined Loading Action on Hull Girder Plate Elements
8.1.2 Strength Analysis of Plates under Combined Loading Using the Interaction Method
8.1.3 Interaction of Buckling Modes
8.2 Plate Response to Two Loads
8.2.1 Biaxial Loading
8.2.1.1 Elastic Buckling of a Rectangular Plate in Biaxial Loading
8.2.1.2 Ultimate Strength of a Rectangular Plate Subjected to Biaxial Loading
8.2.2 In-Plane Bending
8.2.3 Edge Compression and Lateral Pressure
8.2.3.1 Elastic Buckling
8.2.3.2 In-Plane Bending and Compression
8.2.3.3 Ultimate Strength
8.2.4 Edge Compression and Shear
8.2.4.1 Elastic Buckling
8.2.4.2 Ultimate Strength of Plates under Combined In-Plane Loading Involving Shear
8.2.5 Shear and Lateral Pressure
8.2.6 In-Plane Bending and Shear
8.3 Plate Response to Three or More Loads
8.3.1 Biaxial Loading and Lateral Pressure
8.3.2 Biaxial Loading, Shear and Lateral Pressure
Notes
References
Chapter 9 Lateral Loading of Stiffened Plating Modelled as a Beam
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Description of Structure
9.1.2 Particularities of Ship Structures
9.1.3 Structural Models for Stiffened Plates
9.2 Bending of Beam-Type Sections in the Elastic Range
9.2.1 Linearity and Euler–Bernoulli Theory
9.2.2 Large Deflections of Beams in Bending
9.2.3 Bending of Ship-Type Plate-Beam Sections
9.3 Material Nonlinearity in Beam Bending
9.3.1 Bending of Rectangular Sections in the Elastic and Elasto-Plastic Range
9.3.2 Unloading of a Section in the Elasto-Plastic Range
9.4 Shear Lag
9.4.1 Introduction
9.4.2 Axial Elongation in a Rectangular Solid Section Subjected to Vertical Shear Forces
9.4.3 Design of Structures Using the Effective Breadth Concept
9.4.4 Elastic Limit of a Plate-Beam Section in Bending Allowing for Shear Lag
9.4.5 Plastic Collapse of a Plate-Beam Section in Bending Allowing for Shear Lag
9.5 Fabrication-Related Imperfections in Plate-Beam Sections
9.6 Axially Restrained Plate-Beam Section in Bending
9.6.1 Elastic Range
9.6.2 Plastic Collapse
9.7 Bending of Continuous Beams. The Three-Moment Equation
Notes
References
Chapter 10 Compressive Strength of Columns and Beam-Columns
10.1 Response to Compressive Loading
10.1.1 Flexural Buckling
10.1.2 Other Overall Buckling Failure Modes
10.2 Buckling of Structures
10.2.1 Introductory Ideas
10.2.2 Flexural Buckling of a Column Simply Supported at Both Ends
10.2.2.1 Energy Solution of the Column Buckling Problem
10.2.2.2 The Differential Equation of Equilibrium and Its Solution
10.2.2.3 A Stability-Based Criterion for Buckling
10.2.2.4 Other Boundary Conditions
10.2.3 Flexural Buckling of a Simply Supported Column with Initial Distortions
10.2.4 The Effect of Eccentricity
10.2.4.1 Eccentric Column Loading
10.2.4.2 Combined Eccentric Loading and Uniform Lateral Pressure Load
10.2.5 Maximum Longitudinal Compressive Stress in a Member. The Perry–Robertson Approach
10.2.6 Inelastic Buckling of Columns. The Johnson–Ostenfeld Parabola
10.2.7 Design of Columns and the IACS Approach
10.3 Combined Bending and Axial Loading of Sections. Beam-Column Behaviour
10.3.1 Elastic Range
10.3.2 Plastic Collapse
10.3.3 Design of Beam-Columns against Collapse
10.3.4 Continuous Beam-Column with Translation of Supports
Notes
References
Chapter 11 Stiffened Plating under Predominantly Compressive Loads
11.1 General
11.1.1 The Importance of the Stiffened Plate Unit in Ship Structures
11.1.2 The Role of Stiffeners in Compressed Plating
11.1.3 Form and Scantlings of Stiffeners in Primary Ship Structures
11.1.4 Loading of Stiffened Plating Forming Part of the Primary Structure
11.1.5 Boundary Conditions along the Edges of a Stiffened Panel
11.1.6 Collapse Modes in Uniaxial Edge Compression
11.1.7 The Role of Geometrical and Material Parameters
11.1.8 The Effect of Residual Stresses on the Behaviour of Stiffened Plating
11.2 Analysis of Stiffened Plates under Predominantly Compressive Loads
11.2.1 Compressive Loading
11.2.1.1 Boundary Conditions along the Edges of Stiffened Plates in Compression
11.2.1.2 Boundary Conditions along the Line of Attachment of the Stiffener to the Plate
11.2.1.3 Plate-Stiffener Interaction
11.2.2 Stiffened Plates in Tension
11.2.3 Combined Loading
11.2.3.1 Compression of Short Edges and Lateral Pressure
11.2.3.2 Compression of Long Edges and Lateral Pressure
Notes
References
Chapter 12 Torsional Behaviour of Stiffened Plating
12.1 Torsion of a Solid Cylindrical Shaft
12.2 Uniform Torsion of Members of Arbitrary Form. The Square Section
12.3 Torsion of Thin Rectangular Sections
12.4 Non-Uniform Torsion of Thin-Walled Sections
12.5 Torsional Buckling in Ship Structures
12.5.1 Overall and Local Failure
12.5.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling of Stiffened Plating
12.5.2.1 Rotational Restraint
12.5.2.2 Local Failure. The Effect of Web Distortion
Notes
References
Chapter 13 Design of Local Ship Structures for Strength
13.1 Structural Design Methodologies for the Hull Girder
13.2 Design of Stiffened Plating Loaded in Compression
13.2.1 Design Philosophy Issues
13.2.2 Design Methods for Stiffened Plating in Ship Structures
13.2.3 Inelastic Design of Stiffened Plating Using the Perry–Robertson Method. Example
13.2.4 Column Buckling of Stiffened Plating using the Johnson– Ostenfeld Method
13.2.5 A Design Approach to the Torsional Buckling of Stiffeners Attached to Flat Plating
13.2.6 An Integrated Design Procedure for Stiffened Plating
13.3 Elastic Design of Hull Girder Members Using the Stress Hierarchy Method
13.3.1 General Considerations
13.3.2 Design Criteria
13.3.3 Example Application of the Section Method
13.3.3.1 Design of Bottom Plating for Strength
13.3.3.2 Design of Side Shell Plating
13.3.3.3 Design of Bottom Longitudinal Stiffener
13.3.4 Beam-Column Loading
13.3.5 Calculation of the Section Modulus of a Ship Section
Notes
References
Chapter 14 Fatigue in Ship Structures
14.1 Fatigue of Metals
14.1.1 Introduction
14.1.2 Fatigue Life Estimation Using S-N Tests
14.1.3 Constant Amplitude Loading
14.1.4 Variable Amplitude Loading
14.2 Fatigue in Ship Structures
14.2.1 The Sea Environment
14.2.2 Welding and Its Effects on Fatigue Strength
14.2.3 Type and Geometry of Detail
14.2.4 Size and Thickness Effects
14.2.5 Quality of Workmanship (Presence of Notches)
14.2.6 Maintenance of the Structure, Especially Corrosion Protection
14.3 Fatigue Strength Assessment of Ship Structures
14.3.1 Fracture Mechanics Concepts
14.3.2 Long-Term Fatigue Loading of Ship Structures. The Weibull Distribution
14.3.3 Weibull Parameter Estimation
14.3.4 Use of Weibull Probability Paper to Determine Weibull Constants
14.3.5 Short-Term Fatigue Strength
Notes
References
Chapter 15 Fatigue Design of Ship Structural Details
15.1 Design Philosophy Issues in Relation to Fatigue Design of Ship Structures
15.2 Basic Considerations in the Fatigue Design of Ship Structural Details
15.3 Fatigue Design According to the IACS Common Structural Rules
15.3.1 Loads
15.3.2 The Equivalent Design Wave for Fatigue
15.3.3 Loading Conditions
15.3.4 Mean Stress Effect
15.3.5 Stress Analysis
15.3.6 Long-Term Stress Range
15.3.7 Fatigue Damage Estimation Using S-N Curves
15.3.8 ISSC Comparison Study of Rule Determination of Fatigue Life
Notes
References
Part 3 Major Substructures
Chapter 16 Grillages
16.1 Orthogonally Stiffened Plating in Ship Structures
16.2 Boundary Conditions for Grillages in Ship Structures
16.2.1 The Plate-Stiffener Intersection
16.2.2 Rotational Restraint Along Plate-Stiffener Intersection
16.2.3 Boundary Conditions Along Edges
16.3 Tests on Grillages in Ship Structures
16.3.1 Grillages under Lateral Pressure Loading
16.3.2 Grillages in Edge Compression
16.4 Analysis of Orthogonally Stiffened Plating
16.4.1 Linear Elastic Analysis
16.4.2 Nonlinear Elastic Analysis
16.4.3 Elasto-Plastic Analysis and Ultimate Strength
16.5 Orthotropic Plate Theory
16.5.1 Classical Linear Elastic Theory of Orthotropic Plates
16.5.2 Orthotropic Theory Applied to Orthogonally Stiffened Plates
16.5.3 Schade Diagrams
16.5.4 Nonlinear Elastic Response under Combined Loading
16.5.5 Mansour Diagrams for Nonlinear Response of Orthotropic Plates. Examples of Use
16.5.6 Ultimate Strength under Combined Loading
Notes
References
Chapter 17 Transverse Frames
17.1 Transverse Strength of Ships
17.2 Elastic Analysis of Transverse Stiffening Systems Using the Unit Load Method
17.3 Plastic Analysis of Beams and Frames
17.3.1 Elastic and Plastic Analysis of a Pin-Jointed Structure
17.3.2 Plastic Analysis of Beams
17.3.3 Plastic Analysis of Plane Frames
17.3.4 The Bound Theorems of Plastic Analysis
17.3.4.1 Upper Bound Theorem
17.3.4.2 Lower Bound Theorem
Notes
References
Chapter 18 Transverse and Longitudinal Bulkheads
18.1 Function and Form
18.2 Principal Loads Acting on Transverse and Longitudinal Bulkheads
18.3 Bulkhead Response under Lateral Pressure Loading
18.3.1 Elastic Range
18.3.2 Plastic Collapse
18.3.2.1 Both Ends Simply Supported
18.3.2.2 Lower End Clamped and Upper End Simply Supported
18.4 Strength of Corrugated Bulkheads
18.4.1 Local Buckling
18.4.2 Shear Buckling
18.4.3 Ultimate Bending Moment of a Single Corrugation
18.4.4 Rupture
18.5 Measurements and Tests Carried Out on Bulkheads under Laboratory Conditions
18.6 Bulkhead Design Considerations
Notes
References
Chapter 19 Superstructures and Deckhouses
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Forces and Deformations along Hull-Deckhouse Intersection
19.3 Behaviour of Main Deck. Deck Flexibility
19.4 Getz’s Method to Determine the Stresses along a Hull-Deckhouse Intersection
19.4.1 Deckhouse Attached to a Rigid Strength Deck
19.4.2 Deckhouse Attached to a Flexible Strength Deck
19.5 Bleich’s Two-Beam Method
19.5.1 Stage 1: Analysis of a Simplified Two-Cell Structure
19.5.2 Stage 2: General Analysis of a Two-Cell Structure
19.6 The Plane Stress Method
19.6.1 Elements of Plane Stress Theory
19.6.2 The Hull-Deckhouse Problem Using Plane Stress Theory
19.6.3 Derivation and Solution of the Plane Stress Equations
19.6.4 Determination of the Efficiency Factors
19.6.5 Determination of Upper Deck Strain, Curvature and Stress
19.6.6 Validation of the Plane Stress Method
19.7 The Coupled Beam Method
19.7.1 Basic Features
19.7.2 Methodology
19.7.3 Equilibrium of a Beam Element
19.7.4 Coupling Equations
19.7.5 Kinematic Relationships
19.7.6 Spring Stiffness for Vertical (K) and Shear (T) Forces
19.7.7 Application of the Galerkin Method and Solution of the System of Equations
Notes
References
Part 4 Appendices
Appendix 1: Quadratic Forms and Convexity
Appendix 2: Design Curves for Linear Elastic Bending of Orthotropic Plates
Appendix 3: Design Curves for Nonlinear Response of Orthotropic Plates
Appendix 4: Large Deflection Bending of Rectangular Plates Subjected to Lateral Pressure Loads
Appendix 5: Deckhouse Efficiency Factors
Index