Liver Regeneration (De Gruyter Textbook)

✍ Scribed by Dieter Häussinger, Editor

• Publisher: De Gruyter
• Year: 2011
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 232
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Understanding the mechanisms involved in liver regeneration is of crucial importance for clinical medicine, not only regarding carcinogenesis and diabetes treatment, but also for the use of stem cells for cell therapy and liver surgery. This graduate-level text provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of liver regeneration. Hepatic stem cells are introduced and the important players involved in regeneration such as oval cells, bone marrow and stellate cells are reviewed. The cell signaling pathways that initiate liver regeneration and regulate the switch between proliferation and apoptosis are presented and the role of liver stem cells in tumorigenesis is discussed. The book also treats the epigenetic regulation of liver stem cells and the roles of inflammation and angiogenesis in liver regeneration. This compact overview of the fascinating regenerative capacity of the liver will be of interest to graduate students and post-docs in molecular biology, biochemistry and medicine.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Author Index......Page 11
Abbreviations......Page 15
1.2 Liver Regeneration: Historical Perspective......Page 19
1.3 Partial Hepatectomy as a Means to Study Liver Regeneration......Page 20
1.4 Three Phases of Liver Regeneration after Partial Hepatectomy......Page 22
1.5 Future Directions......Page 28
2.1 Stem Cells: Definition and Properties......Page 35
2.2 Liver Stem Cells and Their Role in Hepatic Regeneration......Page 39
2.3 Extrahepatic Stem Cells with Hepatogenic Potential: “The Blood of Prometheus”......Page 43
2.4 Clinical Applications of Bone Marrow–Derived Stem Cells in Hepatology......Page 48
3.1 Introduction......Page 57
3.2 Liver Regeneration and Inflammation: General Aspects......Page 58
3.3 Liver Macrophages and Their Relevance for Liver Regeneration......Page 59
3.4 Inflammatory Mediators Are Required to Promote Liver Regeneration......Page 62
3.5 Inappropriate Inflammation Impairs Liver Regeneration......Page 64
3.6 Role of NK and NKT-cells for Liver Regeneration: Negative Regulators of Regeneration......Page 65
4.1 The TNF/TNFR Superfamily......Page 71
4.2 Liver Regeneration......Page 74
4.3 TNFRp55 and Liver Regeneration......Page 75
4.4 LT?R and Liver Regeneration......Page 76
5.1 Introduction......Page 81
5.2 Secreted Factors in the Stem Cell Niche......Page 82
5.3 Physical Contacts of Stem Cells with Their Niche......Page 89
5.4 Identification of Stem Cell Niches......Page 90
5.5 Stem Cell Niches in the Liver......Page 92
6.1 Characterization of Stellate Cells......Page 103
6.3 Stellate Cells in Liver Regeneration......Page 108
7.1 Definition and Mechanisms of Epigenetics......Page 117
7.2 Methods to Investigate Epigenetic Mechanisms......Page 121
7.3 Epigenomics in Liver Regeneration......Page 122
7.4 Epigenetics During Stellate Cell Activation......Page 123
8.1 Introduction......Page 129
8.3 Fetal Development of the Liver......Page 130
8.4 Overview of Hedgehog Signaling Pathway......Page 131
8.5 Reactivation of the Hedgehog Pathway after Partial Hepatectomy......Page 133
8.6 Hedgehog Pathway Activation during Repair of Chronic Liver Injury: General Concepts......Page 134
8.7 Hedgehog Pathway Activation and Liver Progenitors in Chronic Injury Models......Page 135
8.8 Hedgehog Pathway Activation and Liver Fibrosis......Page 136
8.10 Hedgehog Pathway Activation and Hepatocarcinogenesis......Page 139
9.1 Introduction......Page 147
9.2 Liver Cell Proliferation Involves Ligand-dependent EGFR Activation......Page 148
9.3 Liver Cell Apoptosis Involves EGFR-dependent CD95 Activation......Page 150
9.4 EGFR Activation Can Couple to Both Proliferation and Apoptosis in Hepatic Stellate Cells......Page 153
10.2 Blood Flow and Cell Types in the Adult Liver......Page 163
10.3 Angiogenesis in Liver Regeneration......Page 166
10.4 Importance of VEGF for Liver Regeneration......Page 168
10.5 Role of Angiogenesis in Liver Damage/Disease......Page 169
10.6 Questions and Problems......Page 171
11.1 Definition......Page 177
11.2 Methods to Quantify Spatial–Temporal Information in Liver Lobules......Page 179
11.3 Normal Liver Lobule: The Reference State......Page 181
11.5 Mathematical Model......Page 182
11.6 Simulation Results with the Mathematical Model......Page 187
11.7 Limitations......Page 189
12.2 Different Types of Regenerative Processes......Page 193
12.3 Different Types of Animal Models......Page 195
12.4 Surgical Animal Models......Page 197
12.5 Pharmacological Models......Page 198
12.6 Transgenic Models......Page 199
12.7 Immunological Models......Page 204
13.1 Clinical Scenario......Page 209
13.3 Stem Cells in Liver Regeneration......Page 210
13.4 Mesenchymal or Hematopoietic Stem Cells to Support Liver Regeneration?......Page 211
13.6 Stem Cell Treatment in Chronic Liver Disease in Humans......Page 212
13.7 BMSC to Support Liver Proliferation Prior to Hepatectomy......Page 213
Index......Page 225