Lithium metal anodes and rechargeable lithium metal batteries

✍ Scribed by Zhang, Ji-Guang;Xu, Wu;Henderson, Wesley A

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2016;2017
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 206
• Series: Springer series in materials science 249
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book provides comprehensive coverage of Lithium (Li) metal anodes for rechargeable batteries. Li is an ideal anode material for rechargeable batteries due to its extremely high theoretical specific capacity (3860 mAh g-1), low density (0.59 g cm-3), and the lowest negative electrochemical potential ( 3.040 V vs. standard hydrogenelectrodes). Unfortunately, uncontrollable dendritic Li growth and limited Coulombic efficiency during Li deposition/stripping inherent in these batteries have prevented their practical applications over the past 40 years. With the emergence of post Liion batteries, safe and efficient operation of Li metal anodes has become an enabling technology which may determine the fate of several promising candidates for the next generation energy storage systems, including rechargeable Li-air batteries, Li-S batteries, and Li metal batteries which utilize intercalation compounds as cathodes.
In this work, various factors that affect the morphology and Coulombic efficiency of Li anodes are analyzed. The authors also present the technologies utilized to characterize the morphology of Li deposition and the results obtained by modeling of Li dendrite growth. Finally, recent developments, especially the new approaches that enable safe and efficient operation of Li metal anodes at high current densities are reviewed. The urgent need and perspectives in this field are also discussed. The fundamental understanding and approaches presented in this work will be critical for the applicationof Li metal anodes. The general principles and approaches can also be used in other metal electrodes and general electrochemical deposition of metal films.
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✦ Table of Contents

Preface......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
About the Authors......Page 10
Abbreviations......Page 11
1 Introduction......Page 14
References......Page 16
2.1 Characterization of Lithium Dendrite Growth......Page 18
2.1.1.1 SEM......Page 19
2.1.1.2 Optical Microscopy......Page 21
2.1.1.3 AFM......Page 22
2.1.1.4 TEM......Page 24
2.1.1.5 NMR......Page 27
2.1.2.2 XPS......Page 29
2.1.3 Other Characterization Techniques......Page 31
2.2 Effect of SEI Layer on Lithium Dendrite Growth......Page 34
2.2.1 “Dead” Lithium......Page 38
2.2.2 Interphasial Layer and Formation of Mossy Lithium......Page 40
2.3 Modeling of Lithium Dendrite Growth......Page 42
2.3.1 General Models......Page 44
2.3.2 Effect of Current Density......Page 47
References......Page 49
3.1 Coulombic Efficiency of Lithium Plating/Stripping......Page 57
3.2 Electrolyte and In Situ Formed Solid Electrolyte Interphase......Page 59
3.2.1 Influence of Solvents......Page 61
3.2.1.1 Esters......Page 63
3.2.1.2 Alkyl Carbonates......Page 64
3.2.1.3 Ethers......Page 70
3.2.1.4 Mixed Solvents......Page 71
3.2.2 Influence of Lithium Salts......Page 73
3.2.3.1 H2O and HF......Page 79
3.2.3.2 O2 and N2......Page 81
3.2.3.4 Other Additives......Page 82
3.2.4 Influence of Ionic Liquids......Page 84
3.2.5 Importance of Electrolyte Concentration......Page 87
3.2.6 Self-healing Electrostatic Shield Mechanism......Page 91
3.3 Ex Situ Formed Surface Coating......Page 95
3.4.1 Solid Polymer Electrolytes......Page 98
3.4.2 Solid Inorganic Electrolytes......Page 103
3.5 Effect of Substrates......Page 108
3.5.1.2 Li–Cu......Page 109
3.5.1.5 Li–Ti......Page 110
3.5.2 Surface Layers and Underpotential Deposition/Stripping......Page 112
3.5.3 Surface Roughness......Page 115
3.6.1 Influence of Pulsed Plating......Page 117
3.6.2 Influence of Plated Charge......Page 118
3.6.3 Influence of Plating (Charge) Current Density......Page 119
3.6.4 Influence of Stripping (Discharge) Current Density......Page 126
3.7 Effect of Rest/Storage Time......Page 128
3.8 Effect of Temperature......Page 130
3.9 Effect of Stack Pressure......Page 135
3.10 Summary......Page 138
References......Page 139
4.1 Lithium Metal Batteries with Lithium Intercalation Cathodes......Page 165
4.2 Lithium Metal Anodes in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries......Page 168
4.2.1 Performance and Characteristics of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries......Page 169
4.2.2.1 Effects of Liquid Electrolytes......Page 175
4.2.2.2 Effects of Lithium Salts......Page 176
4.2.2.3 Effect of Additives......Page 179
4.2.2.4 Effect of Solid Electrolytes......Page 183
4.3 Lithium Metal Anodes in Lithium-Air Batteries......Page 184
4.3.2 Lithium-Air Batteries Using Solid Electrolytes......Page 187
4.4 Anode-Free Lithium Batteries......Page 189
References......Page 191
5 Perspectives......Page 201
References......Page 204
Index......Page 205