𝔖 Bobbio Scriptorium
✦   LIBER   ✦

Lessons in electric circuits 4 - Digital

✍ Scribed by Tony Kuphaldt


Book ID
127424760
Year
2010
Tongue
English
Weight
3 MB
Category
Library
ASIN
B0036DEBX0

No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.

✦ Synopsis


Contents
1 NUMERATION SYSTEMS 1
1.1 Numbers and symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Systems of numeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Decimal versus binary numeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 Octal and hexadecimal numeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5 Octal and hexadecimal to decimal conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.6 Conversion from decimal numeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2 BINARY ARITHMETIC 19
2.1 Numbers versus numeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2 Binary addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3 Negative binary numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4 Subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.5 Overflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.6 Bit groupings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3 LOGIC GATES 29
3.1 Digital signals and gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2 The NOT gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.3 The ”buffer” gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.4 Multiple-input gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.5 TTL NAND and AND gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.6 TTL NOR and OR gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.7 CMOS gate circuitry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.8 Special-output gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.9 Gate universality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.10 Logic signal voltage levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3.11 DIP gate packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.12 Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4 SWITCHES 103
4.1 Switch types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.2 Switch contact design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.3 Contact ”normal” state and make/break sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
iii
iv CONTENTS
4.4 Contact ”bounce” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5 ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS 119
5.1 Relay construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.2 Contactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.3 Time-delay relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.4 Protective relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.5 Solid-state relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6 LADDER LOGIC 135
6.1 ”Ladder” diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6.2 Digital logic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.3 Permissive and interlock circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
6.4 Motor control circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
and so much more!!


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