Lcntl :is n joitttiitg ni:rtc*rial is cstctisi\dy i i s d in the hying of gns, wntci*, :tiid sc\v:tgc iniiiiis. Tlicrc ilrc .two distinct kinds of joint,, oitc cotisistitig of moltcii Icnd poiircd into thc joint nnd suIiseclucnt,ly cnulkcd tightly into the :rniiitlnr rcccss, and tlic otltcr inndc by ciiulkitig into thc rcccss bctwccn tlic p i p nntl socket :I stritndccl lend kno\vn as " 1e:id yiirti Tlic p i p riscd wry iti coiistritctioti, soiiic ltnvitig turtictl and I)orcd spigots : l i d sot:kets xivittg :I close fit a t ihc bottom of tlic socket, ot.licrs h i n g rottgli ns cast with n .sliouldcr iigiiitist wliicli tltc joitit,itig riiiitcriiil is caiillrcd. Stml pilm with properly sliapctl socket ciids to rcccivc tho joititiitg tiiiitcrid iirc itlso tiscd. C'iist-iron liilics arc goveriiccl by 13rit,isli 8t:ttltliirtl Plicciliciitio!is Nos. 78 :tnd 437.
In all clnsscs of pipe tlic spice i1it.o \vliiclt tlie le:id is filled slioiild Itnvo n Itcy foniirrl Iiy :i 1' groovc iri tlic socket. Cniilking of tlic leu1 ciin lie iloiic citlicr by hatid 1i:tiitincring with suitnblc tools or by piiciiiiiatic linnimcring, iitid i t is cssciitial thnt the Icnd to IIC used for eitlicr form of joint sliould I)c of ti high tlcgrcc of purity iind softiicss to cnnblc thc mctnl to be moultlcd cnslly to thc h p c of tlic joiiitiiig spacc.
&is, wntcr, and scwngc mnitts :ire itsiinlly liiicl in t,lic groitncl, :I t i d t Iic trcticlics dug for tlic purpose are nutuwlly no Iargcr t.liiiit iiro rcnlly ~tcc!cssiiry. l'liis iiiciiiis thnt t,lti: cotitlitintis utttlcr wliicli tlic joititcrs Iinvc to work itre oftcli t;r:itii~ied : i t d ililiicnlt. Grcitt c:irc should I)c tiikeii t o twiirc t,liitt, t,hc rirrntigciiictits nrc such :is to :illowv tlic initti to olieriitc tlic cnulkiiig 1:ools in rciisotiablc coinfort iiroitttcl tltc \vliolc circiimfcrciice of tlic joint, niid forcsiglit cspciidctl in this dircct,ioii will snvc troublr iti rc-in:i king fiiitlt,y junctions.
It is iisiiirl i t t tii:ikitig Icnd joiiits to ConiIiiciit-c by mmining liomc to tlic bottom of tlic socket n few turiis of gasltin or bcmp ynrn ; tlicii il' tlic joiiit is to bc of t.hc run lcud viiricty tlic mouth of tltc socltct is closcd 1\4tlt clay, C S C C ~L for ii s1iilill oliciiiiig ILL tho top. Alternntivcly, a spccinl clninp is Iniitlc wliicli cnti bc iiscrl instcrid of clny :IS IL rctiiittiag ring for tlic Icnd during t,hc pouring opcriitioli. Jloltoii Icticl, cleiui nucl frcc from dross, is tlicii poured in :iii uiibrokcti fitrcuiii into tlic opcning :it thc top of thc rctnitiiiig ring iiiitil tlic joint is properly fillctl. 11' 1ic Iciid sets nlniost iminc- tlintcly, lifter wlticli t;lte cliiy 01' cliilii1) is r c m o \ d uitd tlic tliirfiicc of tlic Ictirl liiinitncrcd Itonic with II siiitriblc arulking tool. lcnil yarn " or " Icnd wool " is ostcnsivoly itscd, tind tdic spun yiirii is put into blic joint iit tho siiiiic wny as for tlie ruii leiid ~iiricl~y, cscopt t h t with Iciid psrii or " Icnd IPOOI.~'