Lead-Acid Batteries: Science and Technology

✍ Scribed by D. Pavlov

• Publisher: Elsevier Science
• Year: 2011
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 657
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The book presents a comprehensive overview of the theory of the technological processes of lead-acid battery manufacture and their influence on battery performance parameters. It summarizes the current knowledge about the technology of lead-acid battery production and presents it in the form of an integral theory. This theory is supported by ample illustrative material and experimental data, thus allowing technologists and engineers to control the technological processes in battery plants and providing university lecturers with a toll for clear and in-depth presentation of the technology of lead-acid battery production in their courses. The relationship between the technological processes and the performance characteristics of the batteries is disclosed too.Disclosure of the structures of the lead and lead dioxide active masses, ensuring reversibility of the processes during charge and discharge and thus long cycle life of the batteryProposal of optimum conditions for individual technological processes which would yield appropriate structures of the lead and lead dioxide active massesDisclosure of the influence of H2SO4 concentration on battery performance parametersDiscussion of the processes involved in the closed oxygen cycle in VRLAB and the thermal phenomena leading to thermal runaway (TRA) Elucidation of the relationship between technology of battery manufacture and battery capacity and cycle life performance

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover......Page 1
Lead–Acid Batteries: Science and Technology......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Acknowledgements......Page 12
Part 1 -Fundamentals of Lead-Acid Batteries......Page 14
1.1. A Prelude......Page 16
1.2. Gaston Planté – The Inventor of the Lead–Acid Battery......Page 17
1.3. What Pains Had the Lead–Acid Battery to Go Through......Page 24
1.4. The Lead–Acid Battery in the Twentieth Century – Second Stage in its Development......Page 26
1.5. Applications of Lead–Acid Batteries......Page 34
1.6. Challenges Calling for a New Stage in the Development of the Lead–Acid Battery......Page 36
References......Page 39
2.1. Thermodynamics of the Lead–Acid Battery......Page 42
2.2. Electrode Systems Formed During Anodic Polarization of Pb in H2SO4 Solution......Page 57
2.3. The Pb/PbSO4/H2SO4 Electrode......Page 60
2.4. H2/H+ Electrode on Pb Surface......Page 69
2.5. The Pb/PbO/PbSO4 Electrode System......Page 72
2.6. The Pb/PbO2/PbSO4 Electrode System......Page 84
2.7. Electrochemical Preparation of the Me/PbO2 Electrode......Page 88
2.8. Electrochemical Behaviour of the Pb/PbO2/H2SO4 Electrode......Page 89
2.9. Hydration and Amorphization of Active Mass PbO2 Particles and Impact on the Discharge Processes......Page 91
2.10. The H2O/O2 Electrode System......Page 99
2.11. Anodic Corrosion of Lead and Lead Alloys in the Lead Dioxide Potential Region......Page 104
2.12. The Lead–Acid Cell......Page 117
References......Page 124
Part 2 -Materials Used for Lead-Acid Battery Manufacture......Page 128
3.1. H2SO4 Solutions Used as Electrolytes in the Battery Industry......Page 130
3.2. Purity of H2SO4 Used in Lead–Acid Batteries......Page 131
3.4.Electrical Conductivity of H2SO4 Solutions......Page 134
3.5. Dependence of the Electromotive Force of a Lead–Acid Cell on Electrolyte Concentration and Its Influence on Charge Voltage......Page 136
3.6. Correlation Between H2SO4 Amount and Cell Capacity......Page 139
3.7. Utilization of the Active Materials in the Lead–Acid Battery and Battery Performance......Page 142
3.8. Correlation Between the Electrochemical Activity of PbO2/PbSO4 Electrode and H2SO4 Electrolyte Concentration......Page 146
3.10. Influence of H2SO4 Electrolyte Concentration on Battery Performance......Page 149
3.11. Additives to Electrolyte......Page 151
3.12. Contaminants (Impurities) in Electrolyte Solution......Page 155
3.13. Influence of Electrolyte Stratification on Battery Performance......Page 157
References......Page 160
4.1.Battery Industry Requirements to Lead Alloys......Page 162
4.2. Purity Specifications for Lead Used in the Battery Industry......Page 165
4.3. Lead–Antimony Alloys......Page 166
4.4. Lead–Calcium Alloys......Page 191
4.5. Lead–Calcium–Tin Alloys......Page 198
4.6. Lead–Tin Alloys......Page 212
4.7. Grid Design Principles......Page 215
4.8. Grid/Spine Casting......Page 220
4.9. Continuous Plate Production Process......Page 221
4.10. Tubular Positive Plates......Page 226
4.11. Copper-Stretch-Metal Negative Grids......Page 230
References......Page 232
5.1. Physical Properties of Lead Oxide and Red Lead......Page 236
5.2. Mechanism of Thermal Oxidation of Lead......Page 238
5.3. Production of Leady Oxide......Page 240
5.4. Characteristics of Leady Oxide......Page 251
5.5. Influence of Leady Oxide Properties on Battery Performance Characteristics......Page 260
References......Page 263
Part 3 -Processes During Paste Preparation and Curing of the Plates......Page 264
6.2. Fundamentals......Page 266
6.3. Technology of Paste Preparation......Page 299
References......Page 321
7.1. Additives to the Pastes for Negative Plate Manufacture......Page 324
7.2. Additives to the Positive Paste......Page 363
References......Page 372
8.1. Introduction......Page 376
8.2. Fundamentals......Page 377
8.3. Technology of Plate Curing......Page 410
References......Page 416
Part 4 -Plate Formation......Page 418
9.1. Technological Procedures Involved in the Formation of Lead–Acid Battery Plates......Page 420
9.2. H2SO4 Electrolyte During Soaking and Formation......Page 422
9.3. Processes During Soaking of 3BS Cured Plates......Page 426
9.4. Soaking of 4BS Cured Pastes......Page 444
9.5. Influence of the Soaking Process on Battery Performance......Page 453
References......Page 455
10.1. Equilibrium Potentials of the Electrode Systems Formed During the Formation Process......Page 456
10.2. Formation of PAM from 3BS-Cured Pastes......Page 457
10.3. Formation of Plates Prepared with 4BS Cured Pastes......Page 466
10.4. Mechanisms of the Crystallization Processes During Formation of Positive Plates with 4BS Paste......Page 470
10.5. Structure of the Formed Interface Grid/Corrosion Layer/Active Mass [14]......Page 473
10.6. Influence of the H2SO4/LO Ratio on the Proportion Between β- and α-PbO2 in PAM and on Plate Capacity......Page 475
10.7. Structure of the Positive Active Mass......Page 476
10.8. Influence of Grid Alloying Additives on the Electrochemical Activity of PbO2 Binders......Page 488
References......Page 491
11.1. Equilibrium Potentials of the Electrochemical Reactions of Formation......Page 494
11.2. Reactions During Formation of Negative Plate......Page 495
11.3. Zonal Processes......Page 497
11.4. Structure of Negative Active Mass......Page 499
11.5. Effect of Expander on the Processes of Formation of NAM Structure and Factors Responsible for Expander Disintegration......Page 506
References......Page 512
12.1. Introduction......Page 514
12.2. Influence of Active Mass Structure on Plate Capacity......Page 517
12.3. Initial Stages of Formation of Lead–Acid Batteries......Page 518
12.4. Formation of Positive and Negative Active Materials from Cured Pastes......Page 522
12.5. Influence of PbO2 Crystal Modifications on the Capacity of Positive Plates. Formation Parameters that Affect the α/β -PbO2 Proportion......Page 532
12.7. Influence of Current-Collector Surface on Formation of PbSO4 Crystals at Grid/PAM Interface......Page 538
12.8. Method for Shortening the Duration of the Formation Process......Page 541
References......Page 544
Part 5 -Battery Storage and VRLA Batteries......Page 546
13.1. State of Battery Plates After Formation......Page 548
13.2. Dry-Charged Batteries......Page 549
13.3. Wet-Charged Batteries......Page 564
References......Page 579
14.1. Recombination of Hydrogen and Oxygen into Water Using Catalytic Plugs......Page 580
14.2. Recombination of Hydrogen and Oxygen to Water on Auxiliary Catalytic Electrodes......Page 584
14.3. Valve-Regulated Lead–Acid Batteries (VRLAB)......Page 589
References......Page 615
Part 6 -Calculation of the Active Materials in a Lead–Acid Cell......Page 618
15.2. Electrochemical Equivalent Weights of Active Materials in a Lead–Acid Cell per Ah of Electric Charge (Electricity)......Page 620
15.3. Parameters Accounting for the Degree of Active Material Utilization During Current Generation and Correlation B .........Page 622
15.4. Amount of H2SO4 in a Lead–Acid Cell......Page 624
15.5. An Example for Calculating the Active Materials in a 50Ah SLI Cell at ηPAM = 50% and ηNAM = 45%......Page 626
15.6. An Exemplary Calculation of Paste Composition......Page 627
15.7. Measuring of Electrode Potentials......Page 630
References......Page 635
How I Found Myself in the Realm of the Lead-Acid Batteries?......Page 636
α-PbO......Page 638
Pb3O4......Page 639
PbO·PbSO4......Page 640
3PbO·PbSO4·H2O......Page 641
4PbO·PbSO4......Page 642
PbSO4......Page 643
2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2......Page 644
Index......Page 646

✦ Subjects

Химия и химическая промышленность;Электрохимия;Химические источники тока;