Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 4
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 11
1 A personal memoir: Margaret Masterman (1910–1986)......Page 13
2 Themes in the work of Margaret Masterman......Page 16
2.1 Ideograms......Page 17
2.2 Lattices and Fans......Page 18
2.3 Thesauri and the use of large-scale language resources......Page 19
2.4 The use of interlinguas......Page 20
2.5 The centrality of machine translation as a task......Page 22
2.6 Parsing text by semantic methods......Page 23
2.7 Breath groups, repetition and rhetoric......Page 24
2.8 Metaphor as normal usage......Page 26
2.10 The overarching goal: a Wittgensteinian computational linguistics......Page 27
Part 1 Basic forms for language structure......Page 31
1 Words......Page 33
1 ‘Everybody knows what a word is.’......Page 34
2 ‘Nobody knows what a word is.’......Page 37
3 ‘From the point of view of logic and philosophy, it doesn’t matter anyway what a word is, since the statement…......Page 43
1 The construction of the fan......Page 51
1.3 The case of the triangle......Page 54
2 The language consisting of only one fan......Page 58
3.1 The Fan law of any fan......Page 60
Comments......Page 65
Editor’s Commentary......Page 68
1 The point of relevance of the study of language to the philosophy of science......Page 69
2 Definition of an event (or situation) in the world......Page 72
4 Definition of a tag in the library......Page 73
6 Definition of a component of a library point......Page 74
3 The process of concept formation in language......Page 76
I The units and subdivisions of the system......Page 81
II The operations used in the system......Page 86
Part 2 The thesaurus as a tool for machine translation......Page 93
4 The potentialities of a mechanical thesaurus......Page 95
Procedure 1......Page 102
Procedure 2......Page 103
Introduction......Page 119
1.1 General logical specification of a thesaurus......Page 121
1.2 A finite mathematical model of a thesaurus......Page 122
2.1 Contexts......Page 136
2.2 Heads......Page 138
2.3 Archeheads......Page 139
2.4 Rows......Page 141
2.5 List numbers......Page 144
3.1 The natural thesaurus......Page 146
3.2 The term thesaurus......Page 148
3.3 Interlinguas......Page 150
4 To what extent is a thesaurus interlingual?......Page 152
4.1 The search for head-overlap between thesauruses in different languages......Page 153
4.2 The procedure of comparing rows and lists......Page 154
Part 3 Experiments in machine translation......Page 159
1 Information obtained from Stage 1......Page 161
2.1 Elimination of unwanted heads by intersection......Page 163
2.2 Selection of correct output word from the select head sets representing each chunk......Page 165
2.3 The head set of the new ‘chunk’ shown as a lattice so that the procedure for applying the scale of relevance…......Page 169
Commentary by Karen Spärck Jones......Page 171
1 Introduction......Page 173
2.1 The text and the pidgin markers......Page 175
2.2 Sophistication of two sentences of the text by stages, to form an intelligible pidgin translation......Page 177
2.3 Logical analysis of mechanical pidgin......Page 184
2.4 Sophistication of the whole text......Page 185
3.1 Input Latin text......Page 192
3.2 Chunked (Kay and McKinnon-Wood, 1960) Latin text with corresponding English translations (sample page)......Page 193
3.3 Output English translation......Page 195
4 After five years (written in 1965 by the Editor)......Page 197
8 Translation......Page 199
1 Situations......Page 200
2 Concepts......Page 206
3 Grammar, syntax and phrases......Page 211
3.1 A head in Roget’s Thesaurus classified by using the model......Page 215
4 Words......Page 217
5.1 Heads......Page 221
5.2 Theorem of language theory......Page 222
5.4 Fans......Page 223
6.1 The reformulation......Page 224
Editor’s Commentary......Page 225
What is the paper about?......Page 227
Situations......Page 228
Part 4 Phrasings, breath groups and text processing......Page 237
9 Commentary on the Guberina hypothesis......Page 239
1.1 The separation of the logic of logic from the logic of language......Page 241
1.2 Re-estimate of the situation......Page 242
1.3 Specification of the fundamental gestalt......Page 244
1.4 Application of the hypothesis......Page 248
1.5 Extract from Guberina’s text......Page 251
2.2 The relations......Page 258
2.3 Descriptive implication; ‘and so’; notsubset......Page 259
3 Reformalisation of Guberina’s hypothesis, using a subject-predicate notation (By Roger Needham)......Page 261
3.1 A piece of text set out in Guberina-standard-form......Page 262
The same text roughly set up in, though not formalised, in Guberina-standard form......Page 263
1 Phrasings......Page 265
2 Quatrains......Page 269
3 Templates......Page 273
4 The semantic middle term: pairing the templates......Page 277
5 The philosophical notion of the semantic square......Page 282
6 The semantic square: drawing the second diagonal......Page 286
7 The two-phrasing paragraph and the notion of permitted couples......Page 288
8 Schema of the CLRU semantic model......Page 290
Editor’s commentary......Page 291
Part 5 Metaphor, analogy and the philosophy of science......Page 293
11 Braithwaite and Kuhn: Analogy-Clusters within and without Hypothetico-Deductive Systems in Science......Page 295
Bibliography of the scientific works of Margaret Masterman......Page 311
CLRU publications authored wholly or partly by Margaret Masterman (dated where this is known)......Page 313
Other References......Page 316
Index......Page 323