Abstract
MicrocystinโLR (MCโLR) is a cyanobacterial toxin generated by the organism Microcystis aeruginosa. Although the hepatotoxicity of this chemical has been characterized, the potential developmental toxicity in vertebrates has not been well studied. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of this toxin on the in vivo and in vitro development of mammals and the development of an Anuran (toad). Initial acute toxicity experiments with female CDโ1 mice were accomplished with MCโLR administered i.p. in saline. Lethality occurred at 128 and 160 ยตg kg ^โ1^ and histopathology revealed massive hepatic necrosis with diffuse hemorrhage. Developmental toxicity studies were done with MCโLR administered i.p. for 2โday periods: gestation days 7โ8, 9โ10 or 11โ12. Doses used ranged from 2 to 128 ยตg kg^โ1^. On gestation day 17, fetuses were weighed and analyzed for gross morphological and skeletal defects. No treatmentโrelated differences were seen in litter size, viability, weight or the incidence of anomalies. Groups of dams dosed with 32โ128 ยตg kg^โ1^ on gestation days 7โ8, 9โ10 or 11โ12 were allowed to give birth and the growth and development of their pups were followed postnatally. There were no significant effects noted in the offspring of the treated dams. Neurulationโstaged CDโ1 mouse conceptuses were exposed to 50โ1000 nM MCโLR in whole embryo culture for 24 h. No significant increase in abnormalities or developmental delays was observed. Finally, exposure of the developing toad. Bufo arenarum was done from stage 17 (tail bud) for 10 days at concentrations of 1โ20 mg l^โ1^. No effect on morphological development or survival was noted in any exposed groups. These data indicate that microcystin does not appear to affect development adversely in the mouse (in vivo or in vitro) or the toad at the doses and exposure parameters used. Copyright ยฉ 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.