Kuwait Soil Taxonomy

✍ Scribed by Shabbir A. Shahid, Samira A. S. Omar

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 185
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book provides guidelines to key soil taxa in the deserts of Kuwait and guidance to associated procedures for laboratory analyses of soils, leading to land use planning on informed decisions. Soils are essential to provide food, feed, and fiber in addition to multiple ecosystem services that sustain life on earth. To achieve the above services sustainably, it is essential to use soils rationally based on their potential for specific uses. This requires establishing national soil classification systems to assess soils locally and to provide guidance to other countries where similar soils may be occurring. Once soil classification is established, it becomes easier to adopt technologies established on similar soils and environmental conditions without conducting long-term and expensive experimental trial. The taxa are established based on soil’s morphological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties and climatic factors. It offers opportunities to maintain future soil surveys and their correlation to the soils of Kuwait. The book is useful in other arid region countries where similar soil and environmental conditions are existing, such as Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. The book also has international relevance, as it was prepared by extracting definitions from USDA-NRCS keys to soil taxonomy, and sections related to soils of Kuwait are added in the book. The book is a unique and excellent addition to the international soil literature.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Preamble
National Leader Soil Survey Standards
International Reviewer Kuwait Soil Taxonomy
Contents
About the Authors
Acronyms and Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Soil Classification Systems and Kuwait Soil Taxonomy Hierarchy
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History of Soil Classification Systems
1.2.1 Soil Classification Systems
1.2.1.1 Australian Soil Classification System (2016)
1.2.1.2 Canadian Soil Classification System
1.2.1.3 Chinese Soil Taxonomy
1.2.1.4 England and Wales Soil Classification System
1.2.1.5 France Soil Classification System
1.2.1.6 Kuwait Soil Taxonomy Hierarchy
1.2.1.7 Norway Soil Classification System
1.2.1.8 Russian Soil Classification System
1.2.1.9 South African Soil Classification System
1.2.1.10 United Arab Emirates Keys to Soil Taxonomy
1.2.1.11 USDA-NRCS Keys to Soil Taxonomy
1.2.1.12 World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB Classification)
References
2 The Soil That We Attempt To Classify
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Soil That We Classify
2.3 Lower Boundary of Soil
2.4 Nonsoil Materials
2.5 Buried Soils
References
3 Horizons, Layers, and Characteristics Diagnostics for the Higher Categories of Soil Classification in Kuwait
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Basic System of Horizon and Layer Designations
3.2.1 Master Horizons and Layers
3.2.2 Suffix Symbols
3.2.3 Conventions for Using Horizon Designation Symbols
3.2.4 Vertical Subdivisions
3.2.5 Discontinuities
3.2.6 The Prime Symbol
3.2.7 The Caret Symbol
3.3 Diagnostic Surface and Subsurface Horizons
3.3.1 The Epipedon
3.3.1.1 Ochric Epipedon
3.3.2 Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons
3.3.2.1 Anhydritic Horizon
3.3.2.2 Argillic Horizon
3.3.2.3 Calcic Horizon
3.3.2.4 Cambic Horizon
3.3.2.5 Gypsic Horizon
3.3.2.6 Petrocalcic Horizon
3.3.2.7 Petrogypsic Horizon
3.3.2.8 Salic Horizon
3.4 Diagnostic Soil Characteristics
3.4.1 Free Carbonates
3.4.2 Identifiable Secondary Carbonates
3.4.3 Aquic Conditions
3.4.4 Lithic Contact
3.4.5 Soil Moisture Regimes
3.4.5.1 Soil Moisture Control Section
3.4.5.2 Classes Soil Moisture Regimes
3.4.6 Soil Temperature Regimes
References
4 Families and Series Differentiae
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Definition of Particle-Size Classes
4.2.1 Control Section for Particle-Size Classes
4.2.1.1 Root-Limiting Layers
4.2.1.2 Key to the Control Section for Particle-Size Classes and Their Substitutes
4.2.1.3 Key to the Particle-Size and Substitute Classes
4.3 Mineralogy Classes
4.3.1 Control Section for Mineralogy Classes
4.3.2 Key to Mineralogy Classes
4.4 Cation-Exchange Activity Classes
4.4.1 Use of the Cation-Exchange Activity Classes
4.4.2 Control Section for Cation-Exchange Activity Classes
4.4.3 Key to Cation-Exchange Activity Classes
4.5 Soil Temperature Class
4.5.1 Control Section for Soil Temperature
4.5.2 Key to Soil Temperature Class
4.6 Soil Depth Classes
4.6.1 Key to Soil Depth Classes
4.7 Series Differentiae Within a Family
4.7.1 Control Section for the Differentiation of Series
4.7.1.1 Key to the Control Section for the Differentiation of Series
References
5 Identification of the Taxonomic Class of a Soil
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Soil Orders Identified in Kuwait
5.2.1 Aridisols
5.2.2 Entisols
5.3 Understanding Soil Taxonomic Classes
5.4 Key to Soil Orders
5.5 Key to Suborders of Aridisols
5.5.1 Argids
5.5.2 Calcids
5.5.3 Cambids
5.5.4 Gypsids
5.5.5 Salids
5.6 Key to Suborders of Entisols
5.6.1 Orthents
5.6.2 Psamments
References
6 Kuwait Soil Taxonomy Hierarchy Soil Families and Soil Series
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Soil Orders
6.2.1 Entisols
6.2.2 Aridisols
6.3 Soil Suborders
6.4 Soil Great Groups
6.5 Soil Subgroups
6.6 Soil Families
6.6.1 Families in the Soil Order Aridisols
6.6.2 Families in the Soil Order Entisols
6.7 Important Definitions (Soil Survey Staff 2014) to Understand Soil Families Characteristics Recognized in Kuwait
6.7.1 Hypergypsic Mineralogy
6.7.2 Gypsic Mineralogy
6.7.3 Carbonatic Mineralogy
6.7.4 Mixed Mineralogy
6.7.5 Shallow
6.7.6 Coarse-Gypseous
6.7.7 Sandy-Skeletal
6.7.8 Sandy
6.7.9 Loamy
6.7.10 Coarse-Loamy
6.7.11 Fine-Loamy
6.7.12 Hyperthermic
References
7 Laboratory Soil Procedures for Kuwait Soil Taxonomy
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Soil Samples Collection, Preparation and Processing
7.3 Particle Size Analysis—Soil Texture
7.4 Coarse Fragments
7.5 Moisture Content
7.6 Loss on Acid Treatment (LAT)
7.7 Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) Equivalents
7.8 Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O)
7.9 Extractable Cations
7.10 Cation-Exchange-Capacity (CEC)
7.11 Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP)
7.12 Saturation Percentage (SP)
7.13 Preparation of Saturated Soil Paste
7.14 Saturation Extract Analysis
7.15 Electrical Conductivity of Soil Saturation Extract (ECe)
7.16 Osmotic Potential (OP)
7.17 Soil Reaction or Hydrogen Ion Activity (pH)
7.18 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)
7.19 Water Retention
7.20 Bulk Density (BD)
7.21 Particle Density (PD)
7.22 Porosity
7.23 Soil Organic Matter and Organic Carbon
7.24 Engineering Data
7.24.1 Atterberg Limits
7.24.1.1 Liquid Limit (LL)
7.24.1.2 Plastic Limit (PL)
7.24.1.3 Plasticity Index (PI)
7.24.2 Percent Passing Sieves
7.24.3 Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
7.24.4 AASHTO Group Classification
7.25 Soil Mineralogy
7.26 Clay Mineralogy
7.26.1 X-Ray Diffraction Criteria
7.27 X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)
References
Author Index
Subject Index