Knowledge, policy and power. Six dimensions of the knowledge– development policy interface

✍ Scribed by Nicola Jones, Ajoy Datta, Harry Jones, Nuning Akhmadi, Eric Boa, Norma Correa, Nguyen Hang, Naya Sharma Paudel, Lucía Schumacher, Roberto Telleria

• Publisher: Overseas Development Institute
• Year: 2009
• Tongue: Spanish
• Leaves: 46
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The critical importance of knowledge in strengthening policy is increasingly recognised in development circles.
While there is considerable value in academic knowledge in terms of shaping the thinking of policy actors and
practitioners over time, policy research can also have far-reaching impacts on programme design and budget
allocations, with tangible impacts for the poor and marginalised. This paper explores the six key areas of the
knowledge–development policy interface listed below with the aim of stimulating more nuanced debates and
the development of tailored tools for actors involved in knowledge translation processes – including knowledge
generators, brokers or users.
1. Types of knowledge: Moving from an analysis of ‘research’ or ‘evidence’, as previous frameworks have emphasised, to ‘knowledge’ more broadly allows an examination of the political and epistemological dynamics in
the production and use of such knowledge, while still including (but also reframing) the insights gained into
evidence and research. Seeing the value of incorporating different types of knowledge (from evaluations to
participatory research, moral principles to programmatic knowledge), and the practicalities of doing so is crucial to understanding and improving the knowledge-policy interface.
2. Political context: Political context has consistently been identified as the most influential factor in determining
the importance attached to knowledge in policy spaces. While a wave of political liberalisation and democratisation in the 1980s and 1990s around the world led to a general rise in participation in policy processes, nonstate actors still face barriers to input. Nor has greater participation necessarily led to greater use of evidence,
or quality of dialogue or debate – in some cases, there may exist unexpected opportunities for the influence
of new knowledge in decision-making processes in authoritarian, fragile state and crisis contexts.
3. Sectoral dynamics: Knowledge–policy dynamics differ across policy sectors due to divergent actors, demands
for new knowledge and capacities to use such knowledge. Some sectors, like trade, require highly technical
expertise, while others, like education and natural resource management, involve increasingly extensive consultation processes. Vested economic interests might play more of a behind-the-scenes role in certain sectors,
as might international debates. More contested sectors might also find less room for evidence, like in the
reproductive health arena.
4. Actors: NGOs, international agencies and civil servants are often key players in the knowledge–policy nexus,
but they should not be privileged in analytical work or policy-influencing efforts at the expense of an understanding of the potential role of other actors, including think tanks, legislators, political parties, intermediaries, the media, private sector actors and networks.
5. Innovative frameworks: Insights from Complexity and Innovation Systems frameworks highlight that any work
with actors at the knowledge–policy interface should be embedded within an understanding of the broader
system in which they work, and the relationship between the supply of and demand for knowledge on development policy issues.
6. Knowledge translation: Knowledge translation and intermediaries play an important role in bringing together
knowledge and policy processes. Knowledge translation goes beyond disseminating research and the isolated
production of communication products to critically engaging with users of knowledge.
Our synthesis of recent research, as well as practical insights derived from our international partnerships, underscores the fact that the knowledge–policy interface is too complex to encapsulate in any single framework. While
the RAPID framework remains a useful analytical entry-point, it is critical that those seeking to engage in evidenceinformed development policy dialogues also use additional tools and frameworks to deepen their analysis.

✦ Table of Contents

Executive summary
1
1. Introduction
3
2. Types of knowledge
6
Introduction
6
Research-based knowledge
7
Project and programme knowledge
7
Participatory knowledge
8
Multiple knowledges
8
3. Political context 10
Introduction 10
A wave of governance changes 11
Opportunities for voice in the policy process 11
The role of external forces 12
Unexpected windows of opportunity 14
4. Sectoral dynamics 16
Introduction 16
Technical expertise 17
The role of economic interests 17
Issue contestation 17
Internationalisation of debates 18
5. Actors 20
Introduction 20
Civil society organisations 20
Think tanks 21
Networks 22
Donors and international agencies 22
Legislators 23
6. Innovative frameworks 24
Introduction 24
Complexity theory 25
The importance of practical tools 25
Innovation systems 26
7. Knowledge translation processes 28
Introduction 29
Knowledge generation 30
Knowledge translation 30
The role of intermediaries 30
Capacity building 31
8. Conclusion 34
References 36
Acronyms 39