Kinesiology: The Skeletal System and Muscle Function

✍ Scribed by Joseph E. Muscolino

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 2726
• Edition: 4
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Reviewers
Third Edition Forewords
Second Edition Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Part I. Fundamentals of Structure and Motion of the Human Body
Chapter 1. Parts of the Human Body
Section 1.1. Major Divisions of the Human Body
Section 1.2. Major Body Parts
Section 1.3. Joints Between Body Parts
Section 1.4. Movement of a Body Part Relative to an Adjacent Body Part
Section 1.5. Movement Within a Body Part
Section 1.6. True Movement of a Body Part Versus “Going Along For The Ride”
Section 1.7. Regions of the Body
Chapter 2. Mapping the Human Body
Section 2.1. Anatomic Position
Section 2.2. Location Terminology
Section 2.3. Anterior/Posterior
Section 2.4. Medial/Lateral
Section 2.5. Superior/Inferior and Proximal/Distal
Section 2.6. Superficial/Deep
Section 2.7. Location Terminology Illustration
Section 2.8. Planes
Section 2.9. Motion of the Human Body Within Planes
Section 2.10. Axes
Section 2.11. Planes and their Corresponding Axes
Section 2.12. Visualizing the Axes—Door Hinge-Pin Analogy
Section 2.13. Visualizing the Axes—Pinwheel Analogy
Part II. Skeletal Osteology: Study of the Bones
Chapter 3. Skeletal Tissues
Section 3.1. Classification of Bones by Shape
Section 3.2. Parts of A Long Bone
Section 3.3. Functions of Bones
Section 3.4. Bone as a Connective Tissue
Section 3.5. Compact and Spongy Bone
Section 3.6. Bone Development and Growth
Section 3.7. Fontanels
Section 3.8. Fracture Healing
Section 3.9. Effects of Physical Stress on Bone
Section 3.10. Cartilage Tissue
Chapter 4. Fascia
Section 4.1. Fascia
Section 4.2. The Fascial web
Section 4.3. Fascial Response to Physical Stress
Section 4.4. Tendons and Ligaments
Section 4.5. Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
Section 4.6. Properties of Fascial Connective Tissues
Review Questions
Perspectives On Fascia
Section 4.8. Consideration of Ligaments
Section 4.9. Fascia From a Dynamic-Physiological Point of View
Section 4.10. do Bees Build Hexagons?
Section 4.11. Loose Areolar Connective Tissue, Superficial Fascia, and Perifascia
Section 4.12. Fascial Anatomy
Section 4.13. Working with the Thoracolumbar Fascia
Chapter 5. Bones of the Human Body
Section 5.1. Bones of the Head
Section 5.2. Bones of the Spine (and Hyoid)
Section 5.3. Bones of the Ribcage and Sternum
Section 5.4. Entire Lower Extremity
Section 5.5. Bones of the Pelvis and hip Joint
Section 5.6. Bones of the Thigh and Knee Joint
Section 5.7. Bones of the leg and Ankle Joint
Section 5.8. Bones of the Foot
Section 5.9. Entire Upper Extremity
Section 5.10. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle and Shoulder Joint
Section 5.11. Bones of the arm and Elbow Joint
Section 5.12. Bones of the Forearm, Wrist Joint, and Hand
Part III. Skeletal Arthrology: Study of the Joints
Chapter 6. Joint Action Terminology
Section 6.1. Overview of Joint Function
Section 6.2. Axial and Nonaxial Motion
Section 6.3. Nonaxial/Gliding Motion
Section 6.4. Rectilinear and Curvilinear Nonaxial Motion
Section 6.5. Axial/Circular Motion
Section 6.6. Axial Motion and the Axis of Movement
Section 6.7. Roll and Spin Axial Movements
Section 6.8. Roll, Glide, and Spin Movements Compared
Section 6.9. Naming Joint Actions—Completely
Section 6.10. Joint Action Terminology Pairs
Section 6.11. Flexion/Extension
Section 6.12. Abduction/Adduction
Section 6.13. Right Lateral Flexion/Left Lateral Flexion
Section 6.14. Lateral Rotation/Medial Rotation
Section 6.15. Right Rotation/Left Rotation
Section 6.16. Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion
Section 6.17. Eversion/Inversion
Section 6.18. Pronation/Supination
Section 6.19. Protraction/Retraction
Section 6.20. Elevation/Depression
Section 6.21. Upward Rotation/Downward Rotation
Section 6.22. Anterior Tilt/Posterior Tilt
Section 6.23. Opposition/Reposition
Section 6.24. Right Lateral Deviation/Left Lateral Deviation
Section 6.25. Horizontal Flexion/Horizontal Extension
Section 6.26. Hyperextension
Section 6.27. Circumduction
Section 6.28. Naming Oblique-Plane Movements
Section 6.29. Reverse Actions
Section 6.30. Vectors
Chapter 7. Classification of Joints
Section 7.1. Anatomy of a Joint
Section 7.2. Physiology of a Joint
Section 7.3. Joint Mobility Versus Joint Stability
Section 7.4. Joints and Shock Absorption
Section 7.5. Weight-Bearing Joints
Section 7.6. Joint Classification
Section 7.7. Fibrous Joints
Section 7.8. Cartilaginous Joints
Section 7.9. Synovial Joints
Section 7.10. Uniaxial Synovial Joints
Section 7.11. Biaxial Synovial Joints
Section 7.12. Triaxial Synovial Joints
Section 7.13. Nonaxial Synovial Joints
Section 7.14. Menisci and Articular Discs
Chapter 8. Joints of the Axial Body
Section 8.1. Suture Joints of the Skull
Section 8.2. Temporomandibular Joint
Section 8.3. Spine
Section 8.4. Spinal Joints
Section 8.5. Atlanto-Occipital and Atlantoaxial Joints
Section 8.6. Cervical Spine (The Neck)
Section 8.7. Thoracic Spine (The Thorax)
Section 8.8. Rib Joints of the Thorax
Section 8.9. Lumbar Spine (The Abdomen)
Section 8.10. Thoracolumbar Spine (The Trunk)
Section 8.11. Thoracolumbar Fascia and Abdominal Aponeurosis
Chapter 9. Joints of the Lower Extremity
Section 9.1. Introduction to the Pelvis and Pelvic Movement
Section 9.2. Intrapelvic Motion (Symphysis Pubis and Sacroiliac Joints)
Section 9.3. Movement of the Pelvis at the Lumbosacral Joint
Section 9.4. Movement of the Pelvis at the Hip Joints
Section 9.5. Movement of the Pelvis at The Lumbosacral and Hip Joints
Section 9.6. Relationship of Pelvic/Spinal Movements at the Lumbosacral Joint
Section 9.7. Relationship of Pelvic/Thigh Movements at the Hip Joint
Section 9.8. Effect of Pelvic Posture on Spinal Posture
Section 9.9. Hip Joint
Section 9.10. Angulations of the Femur
Section 9.11. Femoropelvic Rhythm
Section 9.12. Overview of the Knee Joint Complex
Section 9.13. Tibiofemoral (Knee) Joint
Section 9.14. Patellofemoral Joint
Section 9.15. Angulations of the Knee Joint
Section 9.16. Tibiofibular Joints
Section 9.17. Overview of the Ankle/Foot Region
Section 9.18. Talocrural (Ankle) Joint
Section 9.19. Subtalar Tarsal Joint
Section 9.20. Transverse Tarsal Joint
Section 9.21. Tarsometatarsal (TMT) Joints
Section 9.22. Intermetatarsal (IMT) Joints
Section 9.23. Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) Joints
Section 9.24. Interphalangeal Joints of the Foot
Chapter 10. Joints of the Upper Extremity
Section 10.1. Shoulder Joint Complex
Section 10.2. Glenohumeral Joint
Section 10.3. Scapulocostal Joint
Section 10.4. Sternoclavicular Joint
Section 10.5. Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint
Section 10.6. Scapulohumeral Rhythm
Section 10.7. Elbow Joint Complex
Section 10.8. Elbow Joint
Section 10.9. Radioulnar Joints
Section 10.10. Overview of the Wrist/Hand Region
Section 10.11. Wrist Joint Complex
Section 10.12. Carpometacarpal Joints
Section 10.13. Saddle (Carpometacarpal) Joint of the Thumb
Section 10.14. Intermetacarpal Joints
Section 10.15. Metacarpophalangeal Joints
Section 10.16. Interphalangeal (IP) Joints of the Hand
Part IV. Myology: Study of the Muscular System
Chapter 11. Attachments and Action of Muscles
Section 11.1. Overview of the Skeletal Muscles of the Body
Section 11.2. Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle
Section 11.3. Muscles of the Glenohumeral Joint
Section 11.4. Muscles of the Elbow and Radioulnar Joints
Section 11.5. Muscles of the Wrist Joint
Section 11.6. Extrinsic Muscles of the Finger Joints
Section 11.7. Intrinsic Muscles of the Finger Joints
Section 11.8. Muscles of the Spinal Joints
Section 11.9. Muscles of the RibCage Joints
Section 11.10. Muscles of the Temporomandibular Joints
Section 11.11. Muscles of Facial Expression
Section 11.12. Muscles of the Hip Joint
Section 11.13. Muscles of the Knee Joint
Section 11.14. Muscles of the Ankle and Subtalar Joints
Section 11.15. Extrinsic Muscles of the Toe Joints
Section 11.16. Intrinsic Muscles of the Toe Joints
Chapter 12. Anatomy and Physiology of Muscle Tissue
Section 12.1. Skeletal Muscle
Section 12.2. Tissue Components of a Skeletal Muscle
Section 12.3. Skeletal Muscle Cells
Section 12.4. Muscular Fascia
Section 12.5. Microanatomy of Muscle Fiber/Sarcomere Structure
Section 12.6. Sliding Filament Mechanism
Section 12.7. Energy Source for the Sliding Filament Mechanism
Section 12.8. Nervous System Control of Muscle Contraction
Section 12.9. Motor Unit
Section 12.10. All-or-none–Response Law
Section 12.11. Sarcomere Structure in more Detail
Section 12.12. Sliding Filament Mechanism in more Detail
Section 12.13. Red and White Muscle Fibers
Section 12.14. Myofascial Meridians and Tensegrity
Chapter 13. How Muscles Function: the Big Picture
Section 13.1. “Big Picture” of Muscle Structure and Function
Section 13.2. What Happens When a Muscle Contracts and Shortens?
Section 13.3. Five-Step Approach to Learning Muscles
Section 13.4. Rubber Band Exercise
Section 13.5. Lines of Pull of a Muscle
Section 13.6. Functional Group Approach to Learning Muscle Actions
Section 13.7. Determining Functional Groups
Section 13.8. off-Axis Attachment Method for Determining Rotation Actions
Section 13.9. Transferring the Force of a Muscle’s Contraction to Another Joint
Section 13.10. Muscle Actions that Change
Chapter 14. Types of Muscle Contractions
Section 14.1. Overview of the Types of Muscle Contractions
Section 14.2. Concentric, Eccentric, and Isometric Contraction Examples
Section 14.3. Relating Muscle Contraction and the Sliding Filament Mechanism
Section 14.4. Concentric Contractions in more Detail
Section 14.5. Eccentric Contractions in more Detail
Section 14.6. Isometric Contractions in more Detail
Section 14.7. Movement Versus Stabilization
Chapter 15. Roles of Muscles
Section 15.1. Mover Muscles
Section 15.2. Antagonist Muscles
Section 15.3. Determining the “Muscle that is Working”
Section 15.4. Stopping Unwanted Actions of the “Muscle that is Working”
Section 15.5. Fixator/Stabilizer Muscles
Section 15.6. Concept of Fixation and Core Stabilization
Section 15.7. Neutralizer Muscles
Section 15.8. Step-by-Step Method for Determining Fixators and Neutralizers
Section 15.9. Support Muscles
Section 15.10. Synergists
Section 15.11. Coordinating Muscle Roles
Section 15.12. Coupled Actions
Chapter 16. Types of Joint Motion and Musculoskeletal Assessment
Section 16.1. Active Versus Passive Range of Motion
Section 16.2. Resisted Motion/Manual Resistance
Section 16.3. Musculoskeletal Assessment: Muscle or Joint?
Section 16.4. Muscle Palpation
Section 16.5. Do we Treat Movers or Antagonists?
Section 16.6. Do we Treat Signs or Symptoms?
Section 16.7. Understanding Research
Chapter 17. Determining the Force of a Muscle Contraction
Section 17.1. Partial Contraction of a Muscle
Section 17.2. Muscle Fiber Architecture
Section 17.3. Active Tension Versus Passive Tension
Section 17.4. Active Insufficiency
Section 17.5. Length-Tension and Force-Velocity Relationship Curves
Section 17.6. Leverage of a Muscle
Section 17.7. Leverage of a Muscle—more Detail
Section 17.8. Classes of Levers
Section 17.9. Leverage of Resistance Forces
Chapter 18. Biomechanics
Section 18.1. Introduction to Biomechanics
Section 18.2. a Brief Introduction to Forces
Section 18.3. Basic Principles in Mechanics
Section 18.4. Describing Human Movement—Analyzing Kinematics
Section 18.5. Describing the Forces of Human Movement—Analyzing Kinetics
Chapter 19. The Neuromuscular System
Section 19.1. Overview of the Nervous System
Section 19.2. Voluntary Movement Versus Reflex Movement
Section 19.3. Reciprocal Inhibition
Section 19.4. Overview of Proprioception
Section 19.5. Fascial/Joint Proprioceptors
Section 19.6. Muscle Spindles
Section 19.7. Golgi Tendon Organs
Section 19.8. Inner Ear Proprioceptors
Section 19.9. Other Musculoskeletal Reflexes
Section 19.10. Pain-Spasm-Pain Cycle
Section 19.11. Gate Theory
Chapter 20. Posture and the Gait Cycle
Section 20.1. Importance of “Good Posture”
Section 20.2. Ideal Standing Plumb Line Posture
Section 20.3. Analyzing Plumb Line Postural Distortions
Section 20.4. Secondary Postural Distortions and Postural Distortion Patterns
Section 20.5. General Principles of Compensation Within the Body
Section 20.6. Limitations of Standing Ideal Plumb Line Posture
Section 20.7. Gait Cycle
Section 20.8. Muscular Activity During the Gait Cycle
Chapter 21. Common Postural Distortion Patterns
Section 21.1. Lower Crossed Syndrome
Section 21.2. Rounded low Back/Pelvis
Section 21.3. Upper Crossed Syndrome
Section 21.4. Flat Back
Section 21.5. Elevated/Depressed Pelvis
Section 21.6. Scoliosis
Section 21.7. Elevated Shoulder Girdle
Section 21.8. Pelvic/Spinal Rotational Distortion
Section 21.9. Overpronation
Section 21.10. Rigid High Arch
Section 21.11. Hallux Valgus
Section 21.12. Hammertoes
Section 21.13. Morton’s Foot
Section 21.14. Genu Valgum/Genu Varum
Section 21.15. Genu Recurvatum
Section 21.16. Pigeon-Toe/Toe-in
Section 21.17. Cubitus Valgus
Chapter 22. Stretching
Section 22.1. Introduction
Section 22.2. Basic Stretching Techniques: Static Stretching Versus Dynamic Stretching
Section 22.3. Advanced Stretching Techniques: Pin and Stretch Technique
Section 22.4. Advanced Stretching Techniques: Contract Relax and Agonist Contract Stretching Techniques
Chapter 23. Principles of Strengthening Exercise
Section 23.1. Reasons for Exercise
Section 23.2. Types of Exercise
Section 23.3. Types of Resistance
Section 23.4. Execution of Exercise
Section 23.5. Exercise Technique
Section 23.6. Program Design
Index