Acknowledgments
Contents
Introduction: Judging Is Human
References
What Do We Mean by Precedent? Empirical Evidence of Ordinary Usage
1 Introduction
1.1 Deductive View
1.2 Analogical View
2 Study 1
2.1 Methods
2.2 Results
2.3 Discussion
3 Study 2
3.1 Methods
3.2 Results
3.3 Discussion
4 Study 3
4.1 Methods
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
5 General Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
Reasonableness on the Clapham Omnibus: Exploring the Outcome-Sensitive Folk Concept of Reasonable
1 Introduction
1.1 The Reasonable Person Standard
1.2 Two General Threats to Trial by Jury
1.3 The Legal Concept of Reasonableness
1.4 Identifying the Problem
1.5 Structure of the Paper
2 Outcome Effects
2.1 Intention and Knowledge
2.2 Recklessness, Negligence and the Reasonable Person Standard
3 Experiment 1
3.1 Participants
3.2 Methods and Materials
3.3 Results
3.4 Discussion
4 Experiment 2
4.1 Participants
4.2 Methods & Materials
4.3 Results
4.3.1 Within-Subjects Results
4.3.2 Between-Subjects Results
4.3.3 Comparison Across Designs
4.4 Discussion
5 Experiment 3
5.1 Participants
5.2 Methods and Materials
5.3 Results
5.3.1 Within-Subjects Results
5.3.2 Between-Subjects Results
5.4 Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
Thatยดs Him!ยดยด: Evaluating a Guilt Hypothesis in the Context of a Suspect Lineup
1 Introduction
2 Biases and Other Sources of Error in Suspect Lineups
3Letยดs Try Again!ยดยด
4 The Experiment
4.1 Method
4.1.1 Participants
4.1.2 Design
4.1.3 Apparatus and Materials
4.1.4 Procedure
4.1.5 Dependent Measures
Decisions
Confidence
Proportion of Right and Wrong Decisions for Each Confidence Level
4.2 Results
4.2.1 Decisions
4.2.2 Subjective Confidence
4.2.3 Proportion of Right and Wrong Decisions for Each Subjective Confidence Level
4.3 Discussion
4.3.1 The Diagnosticity Dilemma: Preventing False Positives While Simultaneously Promoting True Positives?
4.3.2 Confidence as an Indicator of Accuracy?
4.3.3 Limitations
5 Conclusions
References
Untitled
Debiasing Numerical Verdicts and Judicial Discretion: Reflections on Mitigating the Anchoring Effect in Judicial Decision-Maki...
1 Introduction
2 Legal Numbers and Anchoring
3 Numerical Decision-Making in Law
4 Debiasing
4.1 Motivational
4.2 Cognitive
4.3 Technological
5 Discretion
References
Truth, Probability, and Evidence in Judicial Reasoning: The Case of the Conjunction Fallacy
1 Introduction
2 The Conjunction Fallacy
3 Two Accounts of the Conjunction Fallacy
3.1 Confirmation as Evidential Support
3.2 Truthlikeness as Estimated Closeness to the Truth
4 Cognitive Utilities in Ordinary and Expert Reasoning
4.1 Truth, Probability, and Information in Cognitive Decision-Making
4.2 Cognitive Utilities in Legal Decision-Making: The Story-Model
5 Concluding Remarks and Future Work
References
An Analytic Framework for Research on Judicial Decision-Making
1 Introduction
2 An Epistemological Taxonomy
2.1 Methodological Holism
2.2 Methodological Individualism
2.3 Interpretative Holism
2.4 Interpretative Individualism
3 Epistemological Positions in the Study of Judicial Decision-Making
3.1 Methodological Holism in Judicial Studies
3.2 Methodological Individualism in Judicial Studies
3.3 Interpretative Holism in Judicial Studies
3.4 Interpretative Individualism in Judicial Studies
4 Conclusion
References
Hercules on a Diet
1 Dworkinยดs `Judge Herculesยด
2 Critique
2.1 The More, the Better?
2.2 The Rule of Law
2.3 Treating like Cases Alike
3 Dworkin Versus Gigerenzer
4 Conclusion: A Machine Learning Solution?
References
The Challenges of Artificial Judicial Decision-Making for Liberal Democracy
1 From Human Bias to Algorithmic Fairness
2 From Transparency of Procedures to Transparency of Options
3 From Separation of Powers to Judicial Dependence
3.1 The Possibility of an Advanced Artificial Judicial Intelligence
3.2 Advanced AI & Judicial Independence
4 Conclusion
References
Correction to: The Challenges of Artificial Judicial Decision-Making for Liberal Democracy
Correction to: Chapter 9 in: P. Bystranowski et al. (eds.), Judicial Decision-Making, Economic Analysis of Law in European Leg...