Ion Exchange Membranes: Design, Preparation, and Applications

✍ Scribed by Xu T., Wang Y.

• Publisher: WILEY-VCH
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 430
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

A comprehensive introduction to the electro-membrane technologies of the future:
An ion exchange membrane is a polymer-based membrane which can be permeable by some ions in a solution while blocking others, making them ideal for processes such as water desalination, salt concentration control, clean production and—given their electrical conductivity—power generation and energy storage etc. Recent advances have given rise to new electro-membrane processes that promise drastically to expand the applications of this technology. Scientists in both research and industry will increasingly need to draw on these membranes in vital ways with strongly positive potential environmental impact.
Ion Exchange Membranes summarizes recent research into these membranes and electro-membrane processes before moving to an overview of the historical background. It then attends in detail to cutting-edge fabrication technologies and the most recent areas of use. The result is a comprehensive introduction to the design, fabrication, and applications of these increasingly essential membranes.
Ion Exchange Membranes readers will also find:
In-depth treatment of industrial-scale applications.
Detailed discussion of topics including side-chain engineering, polyacylation, superacid-catalyst polymerization, and more.
Analysis of electro-membrane processes such as alkaline membrane water electrolysis, solar-driven water splitting, and many more.
Ion Exchange Membranes is ideal for membrane scientists, materials scientists, inorganic chemists, polymer chemists, and researchers and engineers in a variety of fields working with ion exchange membranes and electro-membrane processes.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Ion Exchange Membranes: Design, Preparation, and Applications
Copyright
Contents
Preface
1. Overview of Ion Exchange Membranes
1.1 Definition and Classifications
1.2 Profile of IEMs
1.3 Preparation of IEMs
1.4 Applications
1.5 Potentials
References
2. Fundamentals and Characterizations
2.1 Donnan Equilibrium
2.2 Membrane Potential
2.3 Transference Number
2.4 Diffusion Coefficient and Ion Permeability
2.5 Ion Flux and Permselectivity
2.6 Area Resistance
2.7 Concentration Polarization
2.8 Limiting Current Density and Current–Voltage Curves
2.9 Water Transport
2.10 Membrane Scaling and Fouling
2.11 Zeta Potential
2.12 Other Conventional Characterization
2.12.1 Conductivity
2.12.2 Ion Exchange Capacity
2.12.3 Water Uptake and Swelling Ratio
2.12.4 Mechanical Strength
References
3. Side‐chain Engineering for Ion Exchange Membrane Preparation
3.1 Principles of Side‐chain Engineering
3.1.1 Inspiration of Nafion
3.1.2 Microphase Separation of Grafted Polymers
3.2 Construction of Side‐chain Architecture
3.2.1 Design of Side‐chain CEMs
3.2.1.1 Design of Side‐chain CEMs with Similar Nafion Structures
3.2.1.2 Design of Side‐chain CEMs with Grafted Structures
3.2.2 Design of Side‐chain AEMs
3.2.2.1 Design of Side‐chain AEMs with Similar Nafion Structures
3.2.2.2 Design of Side‐chain AEMs with Grafted Structures
3.2.2.3 Design of Functional Groups for Side‐chain AEMs
3.3 Construction of the Cross‐linking Side Chain
3.4 Construction of Hyperbranched Networks
3.5 Construction of Dynamic Transfer Regions
3.6 Construction of Cation–Dipole Interactions
References
4. Polyacylation for Ion Exchange Membrane Preparation
4.1 Principle of Polyacylation
4.2 Types of Acylation Reactions
4.2.1 Acylation of Alcohols
4.2.2 Acylation of Amines
4.2.3 Acylation of Enols
4.2.4 Acylation of Carboxylic Acids
4.2.5 Acylation of Ketones
4.2.6 Acylation of Amides
4.2.7 Acylation of Sulfonamides
4.2.8 Polyacylation of Polymers
4.2.9 Advantages and Limitations of Polyacylation as a Synthetic Approach
4.2.10 Polyacylation and Polymers
4.3 Perylene‐based Polyimides
4.3.1 Traditional Route
4.3.2 Polyacylation Route
4.3.3 Synthesis of Perylene‐based Polyimide‐based Ion Exchange Membranes
4.3.4 Perylene and Polyimide‐based CEMs
4.3.5 Perylene and Polyimide‐based AEMs
4.4 Polyacylation of SPEK‐based IEMs
4.4.1 Polyacylation of SPEK‐based CEMs
4.4.2 Polyacylation of SPEK‐based AEMs
4.5 Polyacylation/Polyacylated Crown Ether IEMs
4.5.1 Acylation of Crown Ether
4.5.2 Poly‐Crown Ether‐based AEM
4.5.3 Poly‐crown Ether‐based Noncharged Selective Membrane (PCENS‐M)
4.6 Conclusion
4.6.1 Challenges/Opportunities for Further Development
4.6.2 Outlook for the Future of Polyacylation in Membrane Research
References
5. Superacid–Catalyst Polymerization for IEMs Preparation
5.1 Definition and Types of Superacid
5.2 Principle of Superacid Catalyst
5.3 Superacid‐catalyzed Reaction for Polymer Synthesis
5.4 Superacid‐catalyst Polymerization for IEM Preparation
5.5 Others
References
6. Microporous Polymers for IEM Preparation
6.1 Ion Transport Behavior in Nanospace‐confined Membranes
6.2 Principle of Microporous Polymers
6.3 IEMs Derived from Microporous Polymers
6.3.1 Positively Charged Microporous Polymers
6.3.2 Negatively Charged Microporous Polymers
6.3.2.1 Hydrolysis of Dibenzodioxin‐based Microporous Polymers
6.3.2.2 Amidoxime of Dibenzodioxin‐based PIMs
6.3.2.3 Post‐sulfonation of PIMs or Bottom‐up Approach
6.4 Conclusion and Outlook
References
7. In Situ Polymerization for IEM Preparation
7.1 Conventional Methods for IEM Preparation
7.2 Semi‐interpenetrating Polymer Network
7.3 Pore Filling
7.4 Solvent‐free Strategy
7.5 In Situ Polymerization
References
8. Special IEMs Preparation
8.1 Metal–Organic Framework Membranes
8.1.1 Introduction
8.1.2 Structural Properties of MOFs
8.1.2.1 Structural Diversity
8.1.2.2 Structural Tunability
8.1.2.3 High Stability
8.1.3 Preparation of MOF Membranes
8.1.3.1 UiO‐66‐NH2 Membrane
8.1.3.2 UiO‐66‐SO3H Membrane
8.1.3.3 UiO‐66(Zr/Ti)‐NH2/Polyamide Mixed Matrix Membrane
8.1.3.4 PolyMOF Membrane
8.2 Porous Organic Cage Membranes
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 Structural Properties of POCs
8.2.3 Preparation of POC Membranes
8.2.3.1 POC Membranes of Versatile Channels
8.2.3.2 High Ion‐Permselective CC3 Membrane
8.3 Covalent Organic Framework Membranes
8.3.1 Introduction
8.3.2 Design Strategies of the COF Structure
8.3.2.1 Pore Structure Design
8.3.2.2 Pore Surface Engineering
8.3.3 Preparation of COF Membranes
8.3.3.1 COF Membrane with Sub‐2‐nm Channels
8.3.3.2 Cationic COF Membrane
8.3.3.3 Self‐Standing COF Membrane
8.4 Electro‐Nanofiltration Membranes
8.4.1 Introduction
8.4.2 The Preparation of ENMs
8.4.3 The Performance of ENMs
8.5 Conclusion and Perspective
References
9. Applications
9.1 Diffusion Dialysis (DD)
9.1.1 The Basic Theory of Diffusion Dialysis
9.1.1.1 High‐performance Diffusion Dialysis Membranes
9.1.2 Diffusion Dialysis Components
9.1.3 Diffusion Dialysis Application Field
9.1.3.1 Recovery of Waste Acid
9.1.3.2 Alkali Recovery
9.2 Reverse Electrodialysis (RED)
9.2.1 Basic Theory of RED
9.2.2 The Main Components of RED
9.2.2.1 Ion Exchange Membrane
9.2.2.2 Spacers
9.2.2.3 Electrode System
9.3 Donnan Dialysis
9.3.1 Basic Theory of Donnan Dialysis
9.3.1.1 The Parameters Affecting Donnan Dialysis
9.4 Electrodialysis (ED)
9.5 Application of ED
9.5.1 Desalination
9.5.2 Concentration
9.5.3 The Influencing Parameters on ED Concentration
9.5.3.1 Approaches to Improve the Concentration on ED
9.5.4 Resource Conversion
9.5.5 CO2 Capture
9.6 Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membranes (BMED)
9.6.1 The Basic Theory of Bipolar Membranes
9.6.2 Application of the BMED Process
9.6.2.1 The Production of Alkali
9.6.2.2 The Production of Acid
9.6.2.3 Production of CO2 Conversion
9.6.3 The Limitations of BMED
9.7 Electrodialysis Metathesis (EDM)
9.7.1 Application of the EDM Process
9.7.1.1 The Production of Ionic Liquid
9.7.1.2 High‐Salinity Wastewater Conversion
9.7.1.3 The Production of Potassium Fertilizers
9.8 Ion‐Distillation Technology
9.9 Fuel Cells
9.10 Water Electrolysis
9.11 Industrial Applications
9.11.1 Acid Recovery Using Diffusion Dialysis
9.11.2 Resource Recovery Using Electrodialysis
9.11.3 Clean Production Using Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis
References
Index