Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 ATOMS AND ELEMENTS
1.1 The Study of Chemistry
Why Learn Chemistry?
The Scientific Method
1.2 Atoms First
1.3 Subatomic Particles and the Nuclear Model of the Atom
โ Marie Skลodowska Curie
1.4 Elements and the Periodic Table
โ Elements in the Human Body
โ Helium
1.5 Organization of the Periodic Table
โ Elements in Earthโs Crust
1.6 Isotopes
โ Mass Spectrometry
1.7 Atomic Mass
โ Iron-Fortified Cereal
โ Helen Mackay
2 ELECTRONS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE
2.1 The Nature of Light
โ Laser Pointers
โ Patricia Bath
2.2 The Bohr Atom
Visualizing Chemistry โ Bohr Atom
โ Fireworks
โ The Photoelectric Effect
2.3 Atomic Orbitals
s orbitals
p orbitals
d and f orbitals
2.4 Electron Configurations
2.5 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
2.6 Periodic Trends
2.7 Ions: The Loss and Gain of Electrons
Electron Configuration of Ions
Lewis Dot Symbols of Ions
3 COMPOUNDS AND CHEMICAL BONDS
3.1 Matter: Classification and Properties
States of Matter
Mixtures
Properties of Matter
3.2 Ionic Bonding and Binary Ionic Compounds
3.3 Naming Ions and Binary Ionic Compounds
Naming Atomic Cations
Naming Atomic Anions
Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
3.4 Covalent Bonding and Molecules
Covalent Bonding
Molecules
Molecular Formulas
โ Fixed Nitrogen in Fertilizers
โ George Washington Carver
3.5 Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
3.6 Covalent Bonding in Ionic Species: Polyatomic Ions
โ Product Labels
โ Product Labels
โ Hydrates
3.7 Acids
3.8 Substances in Review
Visualizing Chemistry โ Properties of Atoms
Distinguishing Elements and Compounds
Determining Whether a Compound Is Ionic or Molecular
Naming Compounds
4 HOW CHEMISTS USE NUMBERS
4.1 Units of Measurement
Base Units
Mass, Length, and Time
Metric Multipliers
โ Henrietta Swan Leavitt
Temperature
โ The Fahrenheit Temperature Scale
4.2 Scientific Notation
Very Large Numbers
Very Small Numbers
Using the Scientific Notation Function on Your Calculator
4.3 Significant Figures
Exact Numbers
Measured Numbers
โ Arthur Rosenfeld
Calculations with Measured Numbers
4.4 Unit Conversion
Conversion Factors
โ The Importance of Units
Derived Units
โ The International Unit
Dimensional Analysis
4.5 Success in Introductory Chemistry Class
5 THE MOLE AND CHEMICAL FORMULAS
5.1 Counting Atoms by Weighing
The Mole (The โChemistโs Dozenโ)
Molar Mass
Interconverting Mass, Moles, and Numbers of Atoms
5.2 Counting Molecules by Weighing
Calculating the Molar Mass of a Compound
Interconverting Mass, Moles, and Numbers of Molecules (or Formula Units)
Combining Multiple Conversions in a Single Calculation
โ Redefining the Kilogram
โ Derek Muller
5.3 Mass Percent Composition
โ Iodized Salt
5.4 Using Mass Percent Composition to Determine Empirical Formula
โ Fertilizer & Mass Percents
5.5 Using Empirical Formula and Molar Mass to Determine Molecular Formula
6 MOLECULAR SHAPE
6.1 Drawing Simple Lewis Structures
Lewis Structures of Simple Molecules
Lewis Structures of Molecules with a Central Atom
Lewis Structures of Simple Polyatomic Ions
6.2 Lewis Structures Continued
Lewis Structures with Less Obvious Skeletal Structures
Lewis Structures with Multiple Bonds
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
Bleaching, Disinfecting, and Decontamination
6.3 Resonance Structures
6.4 Molecular Shape
โ Flavor, Molecular Shape, and Bond-Line Structures
Bond Angles
โ Molecular Shapes Resulting from Expanded Octets
6.5 Electronegativity and Polarity
Electronegativity
Bond Polarity
Molecular Polarity
โ How Bond Dipoles Sum to Determine Molecular Polarity
6.6 Intermolecular Forces
Dipole-Dipole Forces
Hydrogen Bonding
Dispersion Forces
โ Linus Pauling
Intermolecular Forces in Review
7 SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, AND PHASE CHANGES
7.1 General Properties of the Condensed Phases
7.2 Types of Solids
Ionic Solids
Molecular Solids
Atomic Solids
Network Solids
โ A Network Solid as Hard as Diamond
โ Carol V. Robinson
7.3 Physical Properties of Solids
Vapor Pressure
Melting Point
7.4 Physical Properties of Liquids
Viscosity
Surface Tension
โ Surface Tension and the Shape of Water Drops
Vapor Pressure
Boiling Point
โ High Altitude and High-Pressure Cooking
7.5 Energy and Physical Changes
Temperature Changes
Solid-Liquid Phase Changes: Melting and Freezing
Liquid-Gas Phase Changes: Vaporization and Condensation
Solid-Gas Phase Changes: Sublimation
8 GASES
8.1 Properties of Gases
Gaseous Substances
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
8.2 Pressure
Definition and Units of Pressure
Measurement of Pressure
โ Fritz Haber
8.3 The Gas Equations
The Ideal Gas Equation
โ Pressure Exerted by a Column of Fluid
The Combined Gas Equation
The Molar Mass Gas Equation
8.4 The Gas Laws
Boyleโs Law: The Pressure-Volume Relationship
Charlesโs Law: The Temperature-Volume Relationship
โ Automobile Airbags and Charlesโs Law
Avogadroโs Law: The Moles-Volume Relationship
โ Amanda Theodosia Jones
8.5 Gas Mixtures
Daltonโs Law of Partial Pressures
Mole Fractions
โ Natural Gas
9 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
9.1 General Properties of Solutions
โ Honey โ A Supersaturated Solution
โ Instant Hot Packs
9.2 Aqueous Solubility
โ Alice Ball
9.3 Solution Concentration
Percent by Mass
โ Trace Concentrations
Molarity
Molality
Comparison of Concentration Units
9.4 Solution Composition
โ Robert Cade, M.D.
9.5 Solution Preparation
Preparation of a Solution from a Solid
Preparation of a More Dilute Solution from a Concentrated Solution
Visualizing Chemistry โ Preparing a Solution from a Solid
โ Serial Dilution
9.6 Colligative Properties
Freezing-Point Depression
Boiling-Point Elevation
โ Ice Melters
Osmotic Pressure
10 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
10.1 Recognizing Chemical Reactions
10.2 Representing Chemical Reactions with Chemical Equations
Metals
Nonmetals
Noble Gases
Metalloids
10.3 Balancing Chemical Equations
โ The Stoichiometry of Metabolism
10.4 Types of Chemical Reactions
Precipitation Reactions
Acid-Base Reactions
โ Oxygen Generators
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
โ Antoine Lavoisier
โ Dental Pain and Redox
10.5 Chemical Reactions and Energy
10.6 Chemical Reactions in Review
11 USING BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
11.1 Mole to Mole Conversions
11.2 Mass to Mass Conversions
โ Marie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier
11.3 Limitations on Reaction Yield
Limiting Reactant
Percent Yield
โ Combustion Analysis
โ Alka-Seltzer
11.4 Aqueous Reactions
11.5 Gases in Chemical Reactions
Predicting the Volume of a Gaseous Product
Calculating the Required Volume of a Gaseous Reactant
โ Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
11.6 Chemical Reactions and Heat
12 ACIDS AND BASES
12.1 Properties of Acids and Bases
โ James Lind
12.2 Definitions of Acids and Bases
Arrhenius Acids and Bases
Bronsted Acids and Bases
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
12.3 Water as an Acid; Water as a Base
12.4 Strong Acids and Bases
12.5 pH and pOH Scales
โ Commonly Encountered Acids and Bases
โ Lake Natron
12.6 Weak Acids and Bases
โ St. Elmo Brady
12.7 Acid-Base Titrations
โ Using Millimoles to Simplify Titration Calculations
12.8 Buffers
13 EQUILIBRIUM
13.1 Reaction Rates
Visualizing Chemistry โ Collision Theory
13.2 Chemical Equilibrium
โ How Do We Know That the Forward and Reverse Processes Are Ongoing in a System at Equilibrium?
12.3 Water as an Acid; Water as a Base
โ Sweet Tea
Calculating Equilibrium Constants
Magnitude of the Equilibrium Constant
13.4 Factors That Affect Equilibrium
โ Hemoglobin Production at High Altitude
Addition or Removal of a Substance
Changes in Volume
Changes in Temperature
โ Ruth Erica and Reinhold Benesch
14 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
14.1 Why Carbon Is Different
14.2 Hydrocarbons
Alkanes
Alkenes and Alkynes
Reactions of Hydrocarbons
14.3 Isomers
โ Partially Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils
โ Representing Organic Molecules with Bond-Line Structures
14.4 Functional Groups
14.5 Alcohols and Ethers
14.6 Aldehydes and Ketones
โ Percy Lavon Julian
14.7 Carboxylic Acids and Esters
14.8 Amines and Amides
14.9 Polymers
15 BIOCHEMISTRY
15.1 Biologically Important Molecules
Glycerol
Fatty Acids
Amino Acids
โ Marie Maynard Daly
Sugars
Phosphates
Organic Bases
15.2 Lipids
Fats
Phospholipids
Steroids
15.3 Proteins
Primary Structure
Secondary Structure
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure
15.4 Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
15.5 Nucleic Acids
โ Rosalind Franklin
16 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
16.1 Radioactive Decay
16.2 Detection of Radiation and Its Biological Effects
โ Radioactivity in Tobacco
16.3 Dating Using Radioactive Decay
16.4 Medical Applications of Radioactivity
โ How Nuclear Chemistry Is Used to Treat Cancer
16.5 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
Visualizing Chemistry โ Nuclear Fission and Fusion
โ Lise Meitner
17 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
17.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Using the Half-Reaction Method
17.2 Batteries
Visualizing Chemistry โ Construction of a Galvanic Cell
Dry Cells and Alkaline Batteries
Lead Storage Batteries
Lithium-Ion Batteries
Fuel Cells
17.3 Corrosion
17.4 Electrolysis
Electrolysis of Molten Sodium Chloride
Electrolysis of Water
Appendix: Mathematical Operations
Glossary
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems
Index