Cover
Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
List of Tables
List of Figures
Part I. Foundations
1. Introducing Remote Sensing Basics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definitions
1.3 Milestones in the History of Remote Sensing
1.4 Summary
Review Questions
References
2. Electromagnetic Radiation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
2.3 Major Divisions of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
2.4 Radiation Laws
2.5 Interactions with the Atmosphere
2.6 Interactions with Surfaces
2.7 Summary
Some Teaching and Learning Resources
Review Questions
References
3. Remote Sensing Platforms
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Platforms
3.3 Fixed-Wing Aircraft
3.4 Helicopters
3.5 Satellite Systems
3.6 Unmanned Aerial Systems
3.7 Tethered Balloons
3.8 Mobile Collection of Field Data
3.9 Summary
Review Questions
References
Part II. Image Acquisition
4. Digital Mapping Cameras
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fundamentals of the Aerial Photograph
4.3 Geometry of the Vertical Aerial Photograph
4.4 Digital Aerial Cameras
4.5 Digital Scanning of Analog Images
4.6 Spectral Sensitivity
4.7 Band Combinations: Optical Imagery
4.8 Coverage by Multiple Photographs
4.9 Photogrammetry
4.10 Sources of Aerial Photography
4.11 Summary
Some Teaching and Learning Resources
Review Questions
References
Appendix 4.1 Your Own Infrared Photographs
Appendix 4.2 Your Own 3D Photographs
Appendix 4.3 Your Own Kite Photography
5. Digital Imagery
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Electronic Imagery
5.3 Spectral Sensitivity
5.4 Digital Data
5.5 Data Formats
5.6 Band Combinations: Multispectral Imagery
5.7 Image Enhancement
5.8 Image Display
5.9 Image Processing Software
5.10 Summary
Some Teaching and Learning Resources
Review Questions
References
6. Image Interpretation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Context for Image Interpretation
6.3 Image Interpretation Tasks
6.4 Elements of Image Interpretation
6.5 Collateral Information
6.6 Imagery Interpretability Rating Scales
6.7 Image Interpretation Keys
6.8 Interpretive Overlays
6.9 The Significance of Context
6.10 Stereovision
6.11 Digital Photointerpretation
6.12 Image Scale Calculations
6.13 Summary
Some Teaching and Learning Resources
Review Questions
References
7. Land Observation Satellites
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Current Satellite Systems
7.3 Landsat Origins and Evolution
7.4 Landsat-Like Systems
7.5 Broad-Scale/Coarse Resolution Satellites
7.6 Fine-Resolution Satellite Systems
7.7 SmallSats
7.8 Land Observation Satellite Orbits
7.9 Data Archives and Indexing Systems for Land Observation Satellites
7.10 International Charter
7.11 Summary
Review Questions
References
8. Active Microwave
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Active Microwave
8.3 Geometry of the Radar Image
8.4 Look Direction and Look Angle
8.5 Wavelength
8.6 Penetration of the Radar Signal
8.7 Polarization
8.8 Interpreting Brightness Values
8.9 Interferometric SAR
8.10 Summary
Review Questions
References
9. Lidar
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Profiling Lasers
9.3 Scanning (Imaging) Lidars
9.4 Types of Lidar
9.5 Lidar Data
9.6 Selected Lidar Applications
9.7 Lidar Data Formats
9.8 Summary
Some Teaching and Learning Resources
Review Questions
References
10. Thermal Imagery
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Thermal Detectors
10.3 Thermal Radiometry
10.4 Microwave Radiometers
10.5 Infrared Thermography
10.6 Thermal Properties of Objects
10.7 Land Surface Temperature
10.8 Geometry of Thermal Images
10.9 The Thermal Image and Its Interpretation
10.10 Summary
Review Questions
References
Part III. Analysis
11. Statistics and Preprocessing
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Image Statistics
11.3 Feature Extraction
11.4 Radiometric Preprocessing
11.5 Geometric Preprocessing
11.6 Image Data Processing Standards
11.7 Summary
Review Questions
References
12. Image Classification
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Informational Classes and Spectral Classes/Samples
12.3 Unsupervised Classification
12.4 Supervised Classification
12.5 Summary
Review Questions
References
13. Accuracy Assessment
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Sources of Classification Error
13.3 Error Characteristics
13.4 Measurement of Map Accuracy
13.5 Sampling Scheme
13.6 Cross Validation
13.7 Sample Size
13.8 Comparing Maps
13.9 Area Estimation
13.10 Summary
Review Questions
References
14. Hyperspectral Remote Sensing
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Spectroscopy
14.3 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing
14.4 The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer
14.5 The Image Cube
14.6 Spectral Libraries
14.7 Overview of Typical Abundance Mapping Processing Steps
14.8 Spectral Mixing Analysis
14.9 Spectral Angle Mapping
14.10 Analyses
14.11 Wavelet Analysis for Hyperspectral Imagery
14.12 Summary
Review Questions
References
15. Change Detection
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Bitemporal Spectral Change Detection Techniques
15.3 Multitemporal Spectral Change Detection
15.4 Summary
Review Questions
References
Part IV. Applications
16. Plant Science Fundamentals
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Structure of the Leaf
16.3 Spectral Behavior of the Living Leaf
16.4 Vegetation Indices
16.5 Applications of Vegetation Indices
16.6 Phenology
16.7 Land Surface Phenology
16.8 Foliar Chemistry
16.9 Summary
Review Questions
References
17. Agricultural Remote Sensing
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Croplands
17.3 Technical Limitations for Agricultural Applications
17.4 Common Agricultural Practices
17.5 Important Crops
17.6 Monitoring the Growth Stage
17.7 Irrigation
17.8 A View of an Irrigated Landscape, Western Kansas
17.9 Crop Calendar
17.10 Crop Damage
17.11 Conservation Tillage
17.12 USDA Cropland Data Layer
17.13 Biophysical Dimensions of Agricultural Remote Sensing
17.14 Precision Agriculture
17.15 Remote Sensing of Plant Pathology
17.16 Summary
Some Teaching and Learning Resources
Review Questions
References
18. Forestry
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Silviculture
18.3 Fire
18.4 Inventory
18.5 Summary
Review Questions
References
19. Earth Sciences
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Photogeology
19.3 Galisteo Creek, New Mexico
19.4 Drainage Patterns
19.5 Lineaments
19.6 Lidarβs Contributions and Geoscience Information
19.7 Mass Wasting and Debris Flows
19.8 Stream Diversion
19.9 Geobotany
19.10 Direct Multispectral Observation of Rocks and Minerals
19.11 Photoclinometry
19.12 Band Ratios
19.13 Soil and Landscape Mapping
19.14 Integrated Terrain Units
19.15 Wetlands Inventory
19.16 Radar Imagery for Exploration
19.17 Summary
Some Teaching and Learning Resources
Review Questions
References
20. Coastal Processes and Landforms
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Remote Sensing of Water Characteristics
20.3 Bathymetry
20.4 Coastal Processes and Landforms
20.5 Impact of Hurricane Sandy on Mantoloking, New Jersey
20.6 Lidar for Coastal Erosion of North Carolina Beaches
20.7 Challenges in Coastal CommunitiesβExample of Miami Beach
20.8 Summary
Review Questions
References
21. Land Use and Land Cover
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Aerial Imagery for Land-Use Information
21.3 Land-Use Classification
21.4 Visual Interpretation of Land Use and Land Cover
21.5 Land-Use Change by Visual Interpretation
21.6 Historical Land Cover Interpretation for Environmental Analysis
21.7 Other Land-Use Classification Systems
21.8 Land Cover Mapping by Image Classification
21.9 Broad-Scale Land Cover Studies
21.10 Sources of Compiled Land-Use Data
21.11 Summary
Review Questions
References
Index
About the Authors