Introduction to Organic Electronic Devices

✍ Scribed by Guangye Zhang, Chen Xie, Peng You, Shunpu Li

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 314
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book comprehensively describes organic electronic devices developed in the past decades. It not only covers the mainstream devices including organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic photovoltaics (OPVs), and organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) but also includes devices of recent interest such as organic immune transistors, organic photocatalysis devices, and themoelectrical devices. The book starts from the introduction of basic theory of organic semiconductor materials and devices, which acquaints the readers with the concepts of each type of device described in the following chapters. It also discusses the working principles, device layout, and fabrication process of these devices. The book is intended for undergraduate and postgraduate students who are interested in organic electronics, researchers/engineers working in the field of organic electronic devices/systems.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
1 Electronic Process in Organic Semiconductor Materials
1.1 Semiconductor Property of Conjugated Polymers
1.1.1 Fermi Surface of One-Dimensional System
1.1.2 Brillouin Zone in One-Dimensional Lattice and Peierls Transition
1.2 Semiconductor Property of Conjugated Molecules
1.2.1 Solitons in Polyacetylene
1.2.2 Polarons in Conjugated Polymers
1.3 Small Molecular Semiconductor Materials
1.3.1 Marcus Charge-Transfer Theory
References
2 The Fundamentals of Organic Photophysics and Photochemistry
2.1 Singlet and Triplet States
2.2 Quantized Energy Levels of Molecule Vibration
2.3 Frontier Molecular Orbitals
2.3.1 Orbitals of a Molecule Formed with Two Atoms with 1s Valence Electrons
2.3.2 Orbitals of Molecule Formed with Two Atoms with p Valence Electrons
2.3.3 Orbitals of Ethene Molecule (CH2=CH2)
2.4 Optical Transitions in Organic Materials
2.4.1 Jablonski Energy Diagram
2.4.2 Stokes Shift
2.5 Energy Transfer
2.5.1 Förster Transfer
2.5.2 Dexter Transfer
2.6 Excitons and Exciton Dynamics
2.6.1 Singlet–Singlet Interaction
2.6.2 Triplet–Triplet Interaction
2.6.3 Singlet–Triplet Interaction
2.6.4 Singlet Fission
2.6.5 The Interaction Between Excitons and Traps
2.6.6 Interaction Between Excitons and Charges
2.6.7 The Interaction Between Excitons and Surfaces/Interfaces
2.6.8 Interaction Between Excitons and Photons
2.7 The Photophysical Properties of Organotransition Metal Compounds (OTMC)
2.8 Photochemical Reaction
2.8.1 Types of Excitations
2.8.2 Sensitization and Quenching in Photochemical Reaction
2.8.3 Several Types of Photochemical Reaction
References
3 Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)
3.1 Introduction to OLED Devices
3.1.1 Introduction to the Light-Emitting Principle of OLED Devices
3.1.2 Characteristics of an OLED Device
3.1.3 Structure of OLED Devices
3.2 OLED Materials
3.2.1 Fluorescent OLED Materials
3.2.2 Phosphorescent OLED Materials
3.2.3 TADF OLED Materials
3.2.4 Next-Generation OLED Materials
3.2.5 Charge Transport/Injection Materials
3.2.6 Charge Blocking Materials
3.3 OLED Application Status and Prospects
3.3.1 Overview of OLED Industry
3.3.2 OLED for Flexible Applications
3.4 Summary and Outlook
References
4 Organic Field-Effect Transistors
4.1 A Brief Introduction of OFET
4.2 Working Principles of OFET
4.2.1 Device Architecture
4.2.2 Charge Transport in OFET
4.2.3 Characterization of OFET Device
4.3 Organic Semiconductors for OFETs
4.3.1 Small Molecule Organic Semiconductors
4.3.2 Polymer Organic Semiconductors
4.4 Strategies for Better Performance of OFET
4.4.1 Material Design for High-Performance OFETs
4.4.2 Fabrication Strategy
4.4.3 Interface Engineering
4.5 Summary and Outlook
References
5 Organic Photovoltaic Devices
5.1 Advantages of Organic Semiconductors for Photovoltaic Applications
5.2 Working Principles of OPVs
5.2.1 Characterization of OPV Devices
5.2.2 Light Absorption and Exciton Generation
5.2.3 Charge-Transfer State and Free Carrier Generation
5.2.4 Charge Transport and Collection
5.3 Development of OPV Materials
5.3.1 2000–2006: Homopolymer MEH-PPV, P3HT, and Fullerene Derivatives
5.3.2 ~2007–2015: D-A Copolymer
5.3.3 ~2015–2021: Non-Fullerene Acceptors
5.3.4 Wide-Bandgap Donors
5.4 Novel Concepts for Better Device Performance
5.4.1 Upper Limit for Efficiency
5.4.2 Development of Active Layer Structure
5.4.3 Improving the Morphology of Active Layers
5.4.4 Vertical Phase Segregation, Surface Recombination, and Device Architecture
5.4.5 Methodology for Active Layer Preparation
5.4.6 Multicomponent Active Layers
5.4.7 All-Polymer Solar Cells
5.5 Market Potential
5.6 Summary and Outlook
References
6 Organic Semiconductor Laser
6.1 Brief History of Lasers and Organic Lasers
6.2 Background for Laser, Laser Materials, and Organic Laser Materials
6.2.1 Laser
6.2.2 Laser Materials
6.2.3 Characteristics of Laser
6.2.4 Organic Laser
6.2.5 Amplifying Spontaneous Emission
6.3 Materials for Organic Lasers
6.3.1 Organic Dyes
6.3.2 Organic Semiconductors
6.3.3 Other Organic Lasing Materials
6.3.4 Comparison Among Organic Lasing Materials
6.4 The Photophysical Properties of Organic Laser Materials
6.4.1 Gain Effect
6.4.2 Cross Section of Absorption
6.4.3 Emission Spectrum
6.4.4 Characterization of Organic Laser Materials
6.5 Organic Micro-/Nanoscale Lasers
6.6 Current Research Status and Outlook
6.6.1 Research Status of Electrically Pumped Organic Lasers
6.6.2 Research on Optically Pumped Organic Lasers
References
7 Organic Electrochemical Transistor
7.1 Device Structure of OECT
7.2 Working Principle of OECT Devices
7.3 Functionalization of OECT Devices
7.4 Sensor Applications
7.4.1 Ion and pH Sensors
7.4.2 Humidity Sensors
7.4.3 Biosensors
References
8 Organic Photocatalysts for Water Splitting
8.1 A Brief Introduction of Organic Photocatalysts for Water Splitting
8.2 Mechanism of Organic Photocatalytic Water Splitting
8.3 Material Development of Organic Photocatalysis
8.3.1 Materials for Hydrogen Evolution
8.3.2 Materials for Water Oxidation
8.3.3 Materials for Overall Water Splitting
8.4 Application of Organic Photocatalysis
8.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
9 Organic Thermoelectric Devices
9.1 A Brief Introduction of OTE
9.2 Working Principles of Organic Thermoelectrics
9.2.1 Basic Principles of Thermoelectrics
9.2.2 Performance Parameters of OTEs
9.2.3 Performance Parameters of TE Generators (TEGs)
9.3 Organic Semiconductors for OTEs
9.3.1 Polymers
9.3.2 Small Molecules
9.3.3 Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Materials
9.4 Strategies for Better Performance of TE Devices
9.4.1 Molecular Design of Organic Thermoelectric Materials
9.4.2 Fabrication Strategy of Organic Thermoelectric Generators
9.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
10 Organic Memory Devices
10.1 Common Memory Devices
10.1.1 Capacitor-Based Memory
10.1.2 Field-Effect Transistor-Based Flash Memory
10.1.3 Other Types of Memory
10.2 Organic Memory Devices
10.2.1 Organic Diode Memory Devices
10.2.2 Organic Field-Effect Transistor Memory Devices
10.3 Synapse Devices
References
11 Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Devices—Perovskite-Based Devices
11.1 Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Materials
11.1.1 Crystal Structures
11.1.2 Compositional Engineering and Bandgap Tuning
11.1.3 Optoelectronic Properties
11.1.4 Deposition Methods of Perovskite Thin Films
11.2 Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs)
11.2.1 Evolution of PSCs
11.2.2 Device Architectures
11.2.3 State-Of-The-Art PSC Technologies
11.2.4 Stability of PSCs
11.2.5 Upscaling of PSCs
11.3 Other Perovskite-Based Devices
11.3.1 Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes and Lasers
11.3.2 Perovskite Photodetectors
11.3.3 Perovskite X-ray Detectors
11.4 Summary and Perspectives
References