Contents
Preface
Part I What is a virus?
1 Towards a definition of a virus
1.1 DISCOVERY OF VIRUSES
1.2 DEVELOPMENT OF VIRUS ASSAYS
1.3 MULTIPLICATION OF VIRUSES
1.4 THE VIRUS MULTIPLICATION CYCLE
1.5 VIRUSES CAN BE DEFINED IN CHEMICAL TERMS
1.6 MULTIPLICATION OF BACTERIAL AND ANIMAL VIRUSES IS FUNDAMENTALLY SIMILAR
1.7 VIRUSES CAN BE MANIPULATED GENETICALLY
1.8 PROPERTIES OF VIRUSES
1.9 ORIGIN OF VIRUSES
KEY POINTS
FURTHER READING
2 Some methods for studying animal viruses
2.1 SELECTION OF A CULTURE SYSTEM
2.2 IDENTIFICATION OF VIRUSES USING ANTIBODIES (SEROLOGY)
2.3 DETECTION, IDENTIFICATION, AND CLONING OF VIRUS GENOMES USING PCR AND RT-PCR
KEY POINTS
FURTHER READING
3 The structure of virus particles
3.1 VIRUS PARTICLES ARE CONSTRUCTED FROM SUBUNITS
3.2 THE STRUCTURE OF FILAMENTOUS VIRUSES AND NUCLEOPROTEINS
3.3 THE STRUCTURE OF ISOMETRIC VIRUS PARTICLES
3.4 ENVELOPED (MEMBRANE-BOUND)VIRUS PARTICLES
3.5 VIRUS PARTICLES WITH HEAD–TAIL MORPHOLOGY
3.6 FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF DIFFERENT VIRUS PARTICLE MORPHOLOGIES
3.7 PRINCIPLES OF DISASSEMBLY: VIRUS PARTICLES ARE METASTABLE
KEY POINTS
FURTHER READING
4 Classification of viruses
4.1 CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF DISEASE
4.2 CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF HOST ORGANISM
4.3 CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF VIRUS PARTICLE MORPHOLOGY
4.4 CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF VIRAL NUCLEIC ACIDS
4.5 CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF TAXONOMY
4.6 SATELLITES, VIROIDS, AND PRIONS
KEY POINTS
FURTHER READING
Part II Virus growth in cells
5 The process of infection: I. Attachment of viruses and the entry of their genomes into the target cell
5.1 INFECTION OF ANIMAL CELLS – ATTACHMENT TO THE CELL
5.2 INFECTION OF ANIMAL CELLS – ENTRY INTO THE CELL
5.3 INFECTION OF PLANTS
5.4 INFECTION OF BACTERIA
5.5 PREVENTION OF THE EARLY STAGES OF INFECTION
KEY POINTS
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
6 The process of infection: IIA. The replication of viral DNA
6.1 THE UNIVERSAL MECHANISM OF DNA SYNTHESIS
6.2 REPLICATION OF CIRCULAR DOUBLE-STRANDED DNA GENOMES
6.3 REPLICATION OF LINEAR DOUBLE-STRANDED DNA GENOMES THAT CAN FORM CIRCLES
6.4 REPLICATION OF LINEAR DOUBLE-STRANDED DNA GENOMES THAT DO NOT CIRCULARIZE
6.5 REPLICATION OF CIRCULAR SINGLE-STRANDED DNA GENOMES
6.6 REPLICATION OF LINEAR SINGLE-STRANDED DNA GENOMES
6.7 DEPENDENCY VERSUS AUTONOMY AMONG DNA VIRUSES
KEY POINTS
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
7 The process of infection: IIB. Genome replication in RNA viruses
7.1 NATURE AND DIVERSITY OF RNA VIRUS GENOMES
7.2 REGULATORY ELEMENTS FOR RNA VIRUS GENOME SYNTHESIS
7.3 SYNTHESIS OF THE RNA GENOME OF BALTIMORE CLASS 3 VIRUSES
7.4 SYNTHESIS OF THE RNA GENOME OF BALTIMORE CLASS 4 VIRUSES
7.5 SYNTHESIS OF THE RNA GENOME OF BALTIMORE CLASS 5 VIRUSES
7.6 SYNTHESIS OF THE RNA GENOME OF VIROIDS AND HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS
KEY POINTS
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
8 The process of infection: IIC. The replication of RNA viruses with a DNA intermediate and vice versa
8.1 THE RETROVIRUS REPLICATION CYCLE
8.2 DISCOVERY OF REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION
8.3 RETROVIRAL REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE
8.4 MECHANISM OF RETROVIRAL REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION
8.5 INTEGRATION OF RETROVIRAL DNA INTO CELL DNA
8.6 PRODUCTION OF RETROVIRUS PROGENY GENOMES
8.7 SPUMAVIRUSES: RETROVIRUS WITH UNUSUAL FEATURES
8.8 THE HEPADNAVIRUS REPLICATION CYCLE
8.9 MECHANISM OF HEPADNAVIRUS REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION
8.10 COMPARING REVERSE TRANSCRIBING VIRUSES
KEY POINTS
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
9 The process of infection: IIIA. Gene expression in DNA viruses and reverse-transcribing viruses
9.1 THE DNA VIRUSES AND RETROVIRUSES: BALTIMORE CLASSES 1, 2 ,6, AND 7
9.2 POLYOMAVIRUSES
9.3 PAPILLOMAVIRUSES
9.4 ADENOVIRUSES
9.5 HERPESVIRUSES
9.6 POXVIRUSES
9.7 PARVOVIRUSES
9.8 RETROVIRUSES
9.9 HEPADNAVIRUSES
9.10 DNA BACTERIOPHAGES
KEY POINTS
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
10 The process of infection: IIIB. Gene expression and its regulation in RNA viruses
10.1 THE RNA VIRUSES: BALTIMORE CLASSES 3, 4, AND 5
10.2 REOVIRUSES
10.3 PICORNAVIRUSES
10.4 ALPHAVIRUSES
10.5 CORONAVIRUSES
10.6 NEGATIVE SENSE RNA VIRUSES WITH SEGMENTED GENOMES
10.7 ORTHOMYXOVIRUSES
10.8 ARENAVIRUSES
10.9 NEGATIVE SENSE RNA VIRUSES WITH NONSEGMENTED, SINGLE-STRANDED GENOMES: RHABDOVIRUSES AND PARAMYXOVIRUSES
KEY POINTS
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
11 The process of infection: IV. The assembly of viruses
11.1 SELF-ASSEMBLY FROM MATURE VIRION COMPONENTS
11.2 ASSEMBLY OF VIRUSES WITH A HELICAL STRUCTURE
11.3 ASSEMBLY OF VIRUSES WITH AN ISOMETRIC STRUCTURE
11.4 ASSEMBLY OF COMPLEX VIRUSES
11.5 SEQUENCE-DEPENDENT AND -INDEPENDENT PACKAGING OF VIRUS DNA IN VIRUS PARTICLES
11.6 THE ASSEMBLY OF ENVELOPED VIRUSES
11.7 MATURATION OF VIRUS PARTICLES
KEY POINTS
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
Part III Virus interactions with the whole organism
12 The immune system and virus neutralization
12.1 VIRUSES AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM – AN OVERVIEW
12.2 INNATE IMMUNITY (FIG. 12.1, LOWER LEFT)
12.3 ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
12.4 UNDERSTANDING VIRUS NEUTRALIZATION BY ANTIBODY
12.5 AGE AND IMMUNITY
KEY POINTS
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
13 Interactions between animal viruses and cells
13.1 ACUTELY CYTOPATHOGENIC INFECTIONS
13.2 PERSISTENT INFECTIONS
13.3 LATENT INFECTIONS
13.4 TRANSFORMING INFECTIONS
13.5 ABORTIVE INFECTIONS
13.6 NULL INFECTIONS
13.7 HOW DO ANIMAL VIRUSES KILL CELLS?
KEY POINTS
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
14 Animal virus–host interactions
14.1 CAUSE AND EFFECT: KOCH'S POSTULATES
14.2 A CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUS–HOST INTERACTIONS
14.3 ACUTE INFECTIONS
14.4 SUBCLINICAL INFECTIONS
14.5 PERSISTENT AND CHRONIC INFECTIONS
14.6 LATENT INFECTIONS
14.7 SLOWLY PROGRESSIVE DISEASES
14.8 VIRUS-INDUCED TUMORS
KEY POINTS
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
15 Mechanisms in virus latency
15.1 THE LATENT INTERACTION OF VIRUS AND HOST
15.2 GENE EXPRESSION IN THE LYTIC CYCLE OF BACTERIOPHAGE &955;
15.3 ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE BACTERIOPHAGE λ LYSOGENY
15.4 INDUCTION AND EXCISION OF THE BACTERIOPHAGE λ LYSOGEN DNA
15.5 IMMUNITY TO SUPERINFECTION
15.6 THE BENEFITS OF LYSOGENY
15.7 HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS LATENCY
15.8 EPSTEIN–BARR VIRUS LATENCY
15.9 LATENCY IN OTHER HERPESVIRUSES
15.10 HIV-1 LATENCY
KEY POINTS
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
16 Transmission of viruses
16.1 HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION
16.2 VERTICAL TRANSMISSION
16.3 ZOONOSES
KEY POINTS
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
17 The evolution of viruses
17.1 THE POTENTIAL FOR RAPID EVOLUTION IN RNA VIRUSES: QUASISPECIES AND RAPID EVOLUTION
17.2 RAPID EVOLUTION:RECOMBINATION
17.3 EVOLUTION OF MEASLES VIRUS
17.4 EVOLUTION OF MYXOMA VIRUS
17.5 EVOLUTION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS
KEY POINTS
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
Part IV Viruses and disease
18 Human viral disease: an overview
18.1 A BRIEF SURVEY OF HUMAN VIRAL PATHOGENS
18.2 FACTORS AFFECTING THE RELATIVE INCIDENCE OF VIRAL DISEASE
18.3 FACTORS DETERMINING THE NATURE AND SEVERITY OF VIRAL DISEASE
18.4 COMMON SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF VIRAL INFECTION
18.5 ACUTE VIRAL INFECTION 1: GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS
18.6 ACUTE VIRAL INFECTION 2: RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
18.7 ACUTE VIRAL INFECTION 3: INFECTIONS OF THE LIVER
18.8 ACUTE VIRAL INFECTION 4: SYSTEMIC SPREAD
18.9 ACUTE VIRAL DISEASE:CONCLUSIONS
KEY POINTS
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
19 HIV and AIDS
19.1 THE BIOLOGY OF HIV INFECTION
19.2 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF HIV-1
19.3 HIV TRANSMISSION
19.4 COURSE OF HIV INFECTION AND DISEASE
19.5 DEATH AND AIDS
19.6 IMMUNOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES
19.7 WHY IS THE INCUBATION PERIOD OF AIDS SO LONG?
19.8 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF HIV INFECTION
19.9 THE COST OF THE HIV PANDEMIC
19.10 UNRESOLVED ISSUES
KEY POINTS
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
20 Carcinogenesis and tumor viruses
20.1 IMMORTALIZATION, TRANSFORMATION, AND TUMORIGENESIS
20.2 ONCOGENIC VIRUSES
20.3 POLYOMAVIRUSES, PAPILLOMAVIRUSES, AND ADENOVIRUSES: THE SMALL DNA TUMOR VIRUSES AS EXPERIMENTAL MODELS
20.4 PAPILLOMAVIRUSES, SV40, AND HUMAN CANCER
20.5 HERPESVIRUS INVOLVEMENT IN HUMAN CANCERS
20.6 RETROVIRUSES AS EXPERIMENTAL MODEL TUMOR VIRUSES
20.7 RETROVIRUSES AND NATURALLY OCCURRING TUMORS
20.8 HEPATITIS VIRUSES AND LIVER CANCER
20.9 PROSPECTS FOR THE CONTROL OF VIRUS-ASSOCIATED CANCERS
KEY POINTS
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
21 Vaccines and antivirals: the prevention and treatment of virus diseases
21.1 PRINCIPAL REQUIREMENTS OF A VACCINE
21.2 ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES, AND DIFFICULTIES ASSOCIATED WITH LIVE AND KILLED VACCINES
21.3 PEPTIDE VACCINES
21.4 GENETICALLY ENGINEERED VACCINES
21.5 INFECTIOUS DISEASE WORLDWIDE
21.6 ELIMINATION OF VIRUS DISEASES BY VACCINATION
21.7 CLINICAL COMPLICATIONS WITH VACCINES AND IMMUNOTHERAPY
21.8 PROPHYLAXIS AND THERAPY WITH ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
KEY POINTS
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
22 Prion diseases
22.1 THE SPECTRUM OF PRION DISEASES
22.2 THE PRION HYPOTHESIS
22.3 THE ETIOLOGY OF PRION DISEASES
22.4 PRION DISEASE PATHOGENESIS
22.5 BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE)
22.6 BSE AND THE EMERGENCE OF VARIANT CJD
22.7 UNRESOLVED ISSUES
KEY POINTS
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
23 Horizons in human virology
23.1 TECHNICAL ADVANCES
23.2 RECOMBINANT VIRUSES AS GENE THERAPY VECTORS
23.3 SUBTLE AND INSIDIOUS VIRUS–HOST INTERACTIONS
23.4 EMERGING VIRUS INFECTIONS
23.5 VIROLOGY AND SOCIETY: FOR GOOD OR ILL
KEY POINTS
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
Appendixes: Survey of virus properties
APPENDIX 1: VIRUSES THAT MULTIPLY IN VERTEBRATE AND INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS
APPENDIX 2: VIRUSES THAT MULTIPLY IN PLANTS
APPENDIX 3: VIRUSES THAT MULTIPLY IN ALGAE, FUNGI, AND PROTOZOA
APPENDIX 4: VIRUSES (PHAGES) THAT MULTIPLY IN ARCHAEA, BACTERIA, MYCOPLASMA, AND SPIROPLASMA
APPENDIX 5: SATELLITE VIRUSES AND SATELLITE NUCLEIC ACIDS OF ANIMALS, PLANTS, AND BACTERIA
APPENDIX 6: VIROIDS (GENOME UNCLASSIFIED AS THEY SYNTHESIZE NO mRNA)
APPENDIX 7: FURTHER READING
Index
