Introduction to Laser Science and Engineering

✍ Scribed by Travis S. Taylor

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 301
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Introduction to Laser Science and Engineering provides a modern resource for a first course in lasers for both students and professionals. Starting from simple descriptions, this text builds upon them to give a detailed modern physical understanding of the concepts behind light, optical beams and lasers. The coverage starts with the nature of light and the principles of photon absorption and transmission, leading to the amplified and stimulated emission principals governing lasers. The specifics of lasers and their application, safe use and future prospects are then covered, with a wealth of illustrations to provide readers with a visual sense of optical and laser principles.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface
Introduction
Author
1. What Is Light?
1.1 The Classical Description of Light
1.1.1 500 to 0 B.C.E
1.1.2 0–200 A.D
1.1.3 801–873 A.D
1.1.4 965–1039 A.D
1.1.5 1175–1294 A.D
1.1.6 1300–1519 A.D
1.1.7 1550–1655 A.D
1.2 The Mathematical Era Begins
1.2.1 1600–1710 A.D.
1.2.2 1710–1840 A.D.
1.2.2.1 Huygens–Fresnel Principle
1.2.2.2 The Fourier Transform
1.2.2.3 Parseval’s Theorem
1.2.3 1840–1899 A.D.
1.2.3.1 The Hankel Transform
1.2.3.2 Maxwell’s Equations
1.2.3.3 The Wave Equation
1.2.3.4 The Poynting Vector
1.2.3.5 The Aether or Not?
1.2.4 1899–1930 A.D.
1.2.4.1 Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
1.2.4.2 Albert Einstein
1.2.5 1930–2018 A.D.
1.2.5.1 Entanglement
1.3 Chapter Summary
1.4 Questions and Problems
2. What Is Amplicafition?
2.1 Amplifier Basics
2.1.1 Gain
2.1.2 Saturation
2.1.3 Frequency Response
2.1.4 Bandwidth
2.1.5 Noise
2.1.5.1 Johnson–Nyquist Noise
2.1.5.2 Schottky Noise
2.1.5.3 Noise Is Incoherently Considered
2.2 Multiple Ampliefirs
2.2.1 Amplifiers in Series
2.2.2 Amplifiers in Parallel
2.2.3 Feedback Loops
2.2.4 An Ensemble of Amplifiers
2.3 Chapter Summary
2.4 Questions and Problems
3. What Is the Stimulated Emission of Radiation?
3.1 The Bohr Model of the Atom
3.1.1 The Quantum Leap
3.1.2 Singlet, Doublet, and Triplet States
3.2 Absorption, Stimulated Emission, and Spontaneous Emission
3.2.1 The Einstein Coeffcients
3.2.2 An Aside on Spontaneous Emission
3.2.3 Excited State Decay Rate
3.3 A More Realistic Model
3.3.1 The Two- and Three-Level Models
3.3.2 The Four-Level Model
3.4 Chapter Summary
3.5 Questions and Problems
4. What Are Lasers?
4.1 Laser Basics
4.1.1 Components
4.1.2 Gain, Population Inversion, and Saturation
4.1.2.1 Gain
4.1.2.2 Population Inversion
4.1.2.3 Saturation
4.2 The Rate Equation
4.2.1 The Four-Level Laser
4.3 The Cavity
4.3.1 Some Common Cavity Configurations
4.3.2 Cavity Stability
4.3.3 Q-factor
4.4 Chapter Summary
4.5 Questions and Problems
5. What Are Some Types of Lasers?
5.1 Solid-State Lasers
5.1.1 Ruby Laser
5.1.2 The Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser
5.1.2.1 Second-Harmonic Generation
5.1.3 The Diode-Pumped Solid-State Laser
5.1.4 The Fiber Laser
5.2 Dye Lasers
5.2.1 The Flashlamp-Pumped Liquid Dye Laser
5.2.2 Laser-Pumped Liquid Dye Lasers
5.2.3 Solid-State Dye Lasers
5.2.4 Continuous Wave Output Dye Lasers
5.3 Semiconductor Lasers
5.3.1 Diode Lasers
5.3.2 Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser
5.4 Gas Lasers
5.4.1 The Helium–Neon Laser
5.4.2 The Carbon Dioxide Laser
5.4.3 The Nitrogen Laser
5.4.4 The Gas Dynamic Laser
5.4.5 The Excimer Laser
5.5 Chemical Lasers
5.5.1 The Hydrogen Fluoride Laser
5.5.2 The Deuterium Fluoride Laser
5.5.3 The Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser
5.6 Metal Vapor Lasers
5.6.1 The Copper Vapor Laser
5.6.2 The Helium–Cadmium Laser
5.6.3 Other Metal Vapor Lasers
5.7 Ion Lasers
5.7.1 The Argon Ion Laser
5.7.2 The Krypton Ion Laser
5.8 More Exotic Lasers
5.8.1 The Free-Electron Laser
5.8.2 The Nuclear Bomb-Pumped Laser
5.8.3 The Positronium Gamma Ray Laser
5.9 Chapter Summary
5.10 Questions and Problems
6. How Do We Describe Lasers?
6.1 Continuous Wave or Pulsed
6.1.1 Continuous Wave Laser Beams
6.1.2 Pulsed Laser Beams
6.2 Laser Modes
6.2.2 Transverse Modes
6.2.2.1 Transverse Electromagnetic Modes
6.2.1 Longitudinal Modes
6.2.1.1 Longitudinal Modes in Pulsed Lasers
6.3 Spectral Content
6.3.1 Linewidth
6.3.1.1 Measuring the Linewidth of a Laser
6.3.2 Tunability
6.4 Collimation, Divergence, Beam Expansion, and Beam Reduction
6.5 Output Energy, Power, Irradiance, and Beam Quality
6.5.1 Instantaneous versus Average
6.5.2 Power in the Bucket
6.5.3 Beam Quality
6.6 Efficiency
6.6.1 Wall-Plug Efficiency
6.6.2 Power Conversion and Coupling Efficiencies
6.6.3 Quantum Efficiency, Quantum Defect, and Slope Efficiency
6.6.4 Cavity Efficiency
6.6.5 The Laser Efficiency Calculation and Measurement
6.7 Chapter Summary
6.8 Questions and Problems
7. How Do We Use Lasers Safely?
7.1 The Laser Safety Basics
7.1.1 ANSI Z136.1
7.1.2 Laser Classes
7.1.2.1 Class 1 Laser System
7.1.2.2 Class 1M Laser System
7.1.2.3 Class 2 Laser System
7.1.2.4 Class 2M Laser System
7.1.2.5 Class 3R Laser System
7.1.2.6 Class 3B Laser System
7.1.2.7 Class 4 Laser System
7.1.3 Accessible Emission Limit and Maximum Permissible Exposure
7.1.4 Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance and Nominal Skin Hazard Distance
7.1.5 Nominal Hazard Zone
7.1.6 Threshold Limit and Optical Density
7.1.7 The Laser Safety Officer and the Standard Operating Procedure
7.2 Types of Injuries Possible from Laser Beams
7.2.1 Visual
7.2.2 Skin
7.3 Other Safety Considerations with Laser Systems
7.3.1 Electrical Hazards
7.3.2 Fire Hazards
7.3.3 Asphyxiation Hazards
7.3.4 Toxic Hazards
7.3.5 Explosive Hazards
7.4 Practical Safety Considerations
7.4.1 Specular Reflections from Common Attire and Objects
7.4.2 Even Diffuse Reflections Can Be Dangerous!
7.4.3 Beam Stops
7.4.4 Apparatus Height and Stray Light
7.4.5 Invisible Beams
7.4.6 Discharging and Disconnecting the Power
7.4.7 High Voltage, Don’t Point Your Fingers!
7.4.8 Fires Can Be Invisible!
7.5 Chapter Summary
7.6 Questions and Problems
8. What Are Some Laser Applications?
8.1 Lasers Used in Experiments
8.1.1 Alignment
8.1.2 Probes
8.1.3 Precision Measurements
8.2 Lasers in the Field
8.2.1 Laser Imaging, Detection, and Ranging
8.2.2 Leveling and Surveying
8.2.3 Laser Communications
8.2.4 Laser Listening
8.3 The HELs
8.3.1 Laser Cutting, Drilling, and Welding
8.3.2 Advanced Physics Research
8.3.3 Directed-Energy Weapons
8.4 Some Other Applications
8.4.1 Medical Uses
8.4.2 Entertainment
8.4.3 Printing
8.4.4 Too Many Applications to Count
8.5 Chapter Summary
8.6 Questions and Problems
Suggested Reading for Laser Scientists and Engineers
Index