Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Authors
1 Introduction to Homeland Security and Emergency Management
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Safety and Security
1.3 Threats Are a Step Away and Often Walk among Us
1.4 Why Homeland Security and Emergency Management?
1.5 What Are Homeland Security and Emergency Management?
1.6 Emergency Management: A Key Element in Homeland Security Operations
1.7 What Are the Threats and Dangers Facing Our Nation?
1.8 When and Where Does Disaster Strike?
1.9 Who Are the Responders, and What Is Their Role?
1.10 The Department of Homeland Security: A Brief Examination
1.11 Chapter Comments and Summary
1.12 Key Terms
1.13 Thought and Discussion Questions
Notes
References
2 Vital National Interests and the Defense of the Homeland
2.1 Introduction
2.2 A Brief History and Reflection
2.3 Threats and Challenges to the Nation
2.4 Vital National Interests and Instruments of National Power
2.5 Foundations of a Nation
2.6 Foundations of National Security
2.7 The Monroe Doctrine
2.8 Early Conflicts
2.9 The Early Twentieth Century
2.10 World War II, Challenging the Spread of Communism, Superpower Emergence, and the Competing World Philosophies
2.11 Intelligence and National Security
2.12 World Organizations Promoting Peace: The League of Nations and the United Nations
2.13 Evolution of the Cold War
2.13.1 Containment
2.13.2 Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
2.13.3 Containment and Continuation of MAD: Attempts to Isolate the Soviet Union
2.13.4 Small Wars and the Domino Theory
2.13.5 Détente
2.13.6 Rollback
2.13.7 Glasnost
2.14 The Complexity of the Modern World
2.15 After the Cold War and the Emerging of a New World
2.16 Terrorism: Introduction to the New Threat to the United States
2.17 Desert Shield and Desert Storm
2.18 The Shock and Impact of 9/11
2.19 Global War on Terrorism
2.20 Role of the Military in Support of Homeland Security
2.21 Emerging Threats
2.22 Homeland Defense and a New Type of Warfare
2.23 Chapter Comments and Summary
2.24 Key Terms
2.25 Thought and Discussion Questions
Notes
References
3 Principal Hazards
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Overview of Domestic Safety and Security
3.3 Major Incidents: A Brief Historical Examination
3.3.1 Natural Disasters
3.3.1.1 New Madrid Earthquakes of 1811–1812
3.3.1.2 Galveston Hurricane of 1900
3.3.1.3 San Francisco Earthquake of 1906
3.3.1.4 Hurricane Katrina
3.3.2 Urban Disasters
3.3.2.1 Chicago Fire of 1871
3.3.2.2 Johnstown Flood of 1889
3.3.3 Industrial Accidents: Domestic and International
3.3.3.1 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire of 1911
3.3.3.2 Texas City Explosion of 1947
3.3.3.3 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
3.3.3.4 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
3.3.3.5 1984 Union Carbide Industrial Accident
3.3.3.6 1986 Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Explosion
3.3.3.7 Fukushima Daiichi Earthquake, Tsunami, and Nuclear Disaster
3.3.4 Epidemics
3.3.4.1 Yellow Fever Epidemic of the 1800s
3.3.5 Terrorism
3.3.5.1 The 1993 World Trade Center Attack
3.3.5.2 Oklahoma City Bombing of 1995
3.3.5.3 Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001
3.4 Today’s Challenges
3.4.1 Droughts
3.4.2 Heat Waves
3.4.3 Tsunamis
3.4.4 Earthquakes
3.4.5 Volcanoes
3.4.6 Tornadoes
3.4.7 Blizzards
3.4.8 Fires
3.4.9 Floods
3.4.10 Hailstorms
3.4.11 Dust Storms
3.4.12 Landslides
3.4.13 Sinkholes
3.4.14 Cyclones
3.4.15 Whirlpools
3.4.16 Limnic Eruptions
3.5 Aftermath of Incidents
3.6 Chapter Comments and Summary
3.7 Key Terms
3.8 Thought and Discussion Questions
Notes
References
4 Protection of the Homeland and the Establishment of the United States Department of Homeland Security
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Department of Homeland Security
4.3 The Department of Homeland Security
4.4 Federal Actions and Assistance in Disaster Response and Recovery
4.5 Homeland Security Goals
4.6 Significant Homeland Security Presidential Directives
4.7 Funding and Vision
4.7.1 Safeguarding the Nation’s Transportation Systems
4.7.2 Enhancing Cyber Security and Technology R&D
4.7.3 Strengthening Border Security and Immigration Services
4.7.4 Supporting State Homeland Security Activities
4.8 The Organizational Structure and Mission of the Department of Homeland Security
4.9 Department of Homeland Security Organizational Structuring and Components
4.9.1 Directorate for National Protection and Programs
4.9.2 Directorate for Science and Technology
4.9.3 Directorate for Management
4.9.4 Office of Policy
4.9.5 Office of Health Affairs
4.9.6 Office of Intelligence and Analysis
4.9.7 Office of Operations Coordination and Planning
4.9.8 Federal Law Enforcement Training Center
4.9.9 Domestic Nuclear Detection Office
4.9.10 Federal Emergency Management Agency
4.9.11 Transportation Security Administration
4.9.12 United States Customs and Border Protection
4.9.13 United States Citizenship and Immigration Services
4.9.14 United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement
4.9.15 United States Coast Guard
4.9.16 United States Secret Service
4.9.17 Office of the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security
4.9.18 Advisory Panels and Committees
4.10 Future of the Department of Homeland Security
4.11 Chapter Comments and Summary
4.12 Key Terms
4.13 Thought and Discussion Questions
Notes
References
5 Homeland Security and Emergency Management: Function and Operations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Resource Management and Utilization
5.3 A Perspective of Homeland Security and Emergency Management
5.4 Coordination and Standardization: The Backbone of Homeland Security Operations
5.5 Response
5.6 Department of Homeland Security Homeland Security Operations Center
5.7 Protect: Disciplines, Functions, Operations
5.8 Intelligence as Related to Homeland Security: An Overview
5.9 Strategic, Near-Term, and Operations Plans and Periods
5.9.1 Strategic Concepts
5.9.2 Near-Term Tactical Concepts
5.10 Concepts of Processes and Procedures
5.10.1 Long-Term Strategic Processes
5.10.2 Near-Term Tactical Processes
5.10.3 Operational Processes
5.11 Summary
5.12 Key Terms
5.13 Thought and Discussion Questions
Notes
References
6 The Partnerships of Homeland Security and Emergency Management
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Why Are Partnerships Important?
6.3 An Overview of Partnerships
6.4 The Whole Community Approach and the Challenges of Building Response Partnerships
6.5 Building and Sustaining Partnerships
6.6 Scope of Work
6.6.1 Emergency Operations Centers and National Response Framework
6.7 Planning, Training, and Equipping Partnerships
6.8 Partnerships
6.8.1 Lessons from the Past: Hurricane Camille
6.9 Nongovernmental Organizations
6.9.1 The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations
6.9.2 Framework for NGOs
6.9.3 Volunteers
6.10 Key Partnerships Organizations
6.10.1 National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster
6.10.1.1 NVOAD Core Principles (Disaster, 2020)
6.10.2 Private Business and Industry
6.10.3 Faith-Based Organizations
6.10.4 Community Emergency Response Team
6.10.5 Citizen Corps
6.10.6 The Fire Corps
6.10.7 National Neighborhood Watch
6.10.8 The Medical Reserve Corps
6.10.9 The Civil Air Patrol (U.S. Air Force Auxiliary)
6.10.9.1 Homeland Security Role
6.10.10 The U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary
6.10.11 Military Auxiliary Radio System
6.10.12 Local Emergency Planning Committees
6.10.13 The Private Sector
6.11 International, National, and State Military Resources
6.12 Federal Regulations Related to Use of Military Resources
6.12.1 Title 10 of the U.S. Code
6.12.2 Defense Memoranda of Understanding and Agreements
6.12.3 Purchasing Requirements
6.12.4 The Defense Industrial Reserve
6.12.5 U.S. Government Contracts and Foreign Awards
6.13 Summary
6.14 Chapter Comments and Summary
6.15 Key Terms
6.16 Thought and Discussion Questions
References
7 Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation Strategies
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Where’s the Threat? The Event for Which We Prepare: Natural Disaster or Man-Made Events?
7.2.1 Natural Disasters
7.2.2 Terrorism and Extremism
7.3 Planning: Strategies and Operations
7.4 Community Response
7.5 State Response
7.6 Federal Response
7.7 Private and Nonprofit Sector
7.8 Special Circumstances
7.9 Planning: The Challenges
7.10 Risk Management and Assessments
7.11 Threat Assessments
7.12 Vulnerability Assessments
7.13 Consequence Assessments
7.14 Federal: Preventing Extremism and Terrorism and Enhancing Security
7.15 Federal: Ensuring Resilience to Disasters
7.16 Federal: Maturing and Strengthening the Homeland Security Enterprise
7.17 Federal: Comments Regarding the Budget
7.18 Hurricane Katrina: A Case Study
7.19 Chapter Comments and Summary
7.20 Key Terms
7.21 Thought and Discussion Questions
Notes
References
8 Disaster Response, Recovery, and Resilience
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Brief Examination of Response and Recovery
8.3 Disaster Response Community Overview
8.4 Command and Control
8.5 Information Management in a Disaster
8.6 The Disaster Frameworks
8.7 The Role of FEMA
8.8 Human Sustenance—Food and Shelter
8.9 Sheltering “In Place”
8.10 NASA Disasters Program
8.11 The Economics of Response and Recovery
8.12 Insurance, Risk, and the Potential of Disaster
8.12.1 Flood Insurance
8.12.2 Fire Insurance
8.13 Disaster Declarations
8.14 Considerations of Response and Recovery
8.15 Chapter Comments and Summary
8.16 Key Terms
8.17 Thought and Discussion Questions
Notes
References
9 Domestic Extremism: Threats, Threat Groups, and Terrorism
9.1 Introduction
9.2 What Is Domestic Terrorism?
9.3 Domestic Terrorism: A Short Historical View
9.4 Domestic Terrorism and Threat Groups
9.5 The Radical Right: A Variety of Perspectives
9.6 Supremacy Groups
9.6.1 Ku Klux Klan
9.6.2 Neo-Nazi and Aryan Movement
9.6.3 The Sovereign Citizens Movement
9.6.4 Militias and the Militia Movement
9.6.5 Racist Skinheads
9.6.6 Black Separatists
9.6.7 Patriot Groups
9.6.8 Inspiration, Leaderless Resistance, Phantom Cell, and the Lone Wolf
9.6.9 Right to Life: Revolutionary Reaction to Abortion
9.6.10 Other Organizations That Pose a Domestic Threat
9.6.10.1 Narco-Terrorist Groups along the U.S. Border
9.7 The Radical Left: Ecological and Animal Rights
9.7.1 Antifa and the Return of the Anarchist Movement
9.8 Major Law Enforcement Agencies Battling Terrorism and Hate
9.8.1 Federal Agencies
9.8.2 State, Local, and Tribal Agencies
9.9 Nongovernmental Agencies Battling Terrorism and Hate
9.9.1 Southern Poverty Law Center
9.9.2 The Anti-Defamation League
9.9.3 American Civil Liberties Union
9.10 Chapter Summary
9.11 Key Terms
9.12 Thought and Discussion Questions
Notes
References
10 International Terrorism and Extremism: Operations and Sustainment
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Understanding and Defining Terrorism and Extremism
10.3 The Evolution of Terrorism and Extremism: A Brief Historical Perspective
10.3.1 Tyrannicide
10.3.2 Early Examples of the Use of Terror
10.3.2.1 The Zealots
10.3.2.2 The Assassins
10.3.2.3 Thugees or Thugs
10.3.3 Continuation of the Use of Terror
10.3.3.1 Terrorism and the French Revolution
10.3.3.2 Gunpowder Plot (England) of 1605
10.3.4 Terrorism and Extremism in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries, the Influence of Revolutions and Nationalism, and the Anarchist Movement
10.3.4.1 The Propaganda of Deed and The Catechism of the Revolutionary
10.3.4.2 Russia
10.3.4.3 Bosnia
10.3.4.4 Violence and Extremism in Europe after World War I
10.3.5 Anti-Colonialism, Terrorism, and Extremism after World War II
10.3.5.1 Anti-Colonialism and Terrorism after World War II
10.4 Terrorism and Extremism in the Modern Era
10.5 An Overview of Terrorism and Extremism Internationally Today
10.5.1 Regional Terrorism and Extremism: The Middle East and Afghanistan
10.5.2 Regional Terrorism and Extremism: Europe
10.5.2.1 The United Kingdom
10.5.2.2 Germany
10.5.2.3 Spain
10.5.3 Regional Terrorism and Extremism: Africa
10.5.3.1 Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership
10.5.3.2 The Partnership for Regional East Africa Counterterrorism
10.5.4 Regional Terrorism and Extremism: Asia
10.5.5 Regional Terrorism and Extremism: Central and South America
10.5.5.1 Cuban Revolution (1952–1958)
10.5.5.2 Carlos Marighella
10.5.6 The Tupamaros of Uruguay
10.5.7 Sendero Luminoso
10.5.8 Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
10.5.9 Mexico
10.6 Funding of International Terrorism and Extremism
10.6.1 Logistics of Funding Terrorism and Extremism
10.7 Narco-Terrorism
10.8 The Role of the Media and the Use of the Web
10.9 Response Strategies
10.10 Cyber Terrorism
10.11 The Twenty-First Century and the Struggle against Terrorism: Now and the Future
10.12 Operations against the Threat of Terror
10.13 Summary
10.14 Key Terms
10.14.1 Terms
10.14.2 People
10.14.3 Organizations
10.14.4 Events
10.15 Questions and Discussions
References
11 The Role of Intelligence in Homeland Security
11.1 Introduction
11.2 What Is Intelligence?
11.3 Contemplating Intelligence
11.4 The Intelligence Cycle
11.5 The United States Intelligence Community: History
11.5.1 IC History: The Revolutionary War to World War II
11.5.2 IC History: World War II and the Cold War
11.5.3 IC History: Iraq to the Present
11.5.4 IC Success in the Struggle against International Extremism and Terrorism
11.6 The Modern U.S. Intelligence Community
11.7 State and Local Intelligence Efforts
11.7.1 Intelligence-Led Policing/Law Enforcement
11.7.2 Fusion Centers
11.8 Legal Guidelines Pertaining to Intelligence Collection
11.9 Foreign Intelligence Services
11.10 The Function of Intelligence in Homeland Security
11.11 Intelligence Gathering versus Privacy
11.12 Intelligence Challenges for the New Century
11.13 The Intelligence Partnership
11.14 Regional Information-Sharing Systems
11.15 Chapter Comments and Summary
11.16 Key Terms
11.17 Thought and Discussion Questions
References
12 Protecting Our Nation’s Infrastructure: Border and Transportation Security
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Overview: Border and Transportation Security
12.3 An Overview of Transportation Security
12.4 Historical Perspective: Aviation and Aerospace Security
12.5 Modern Perspective: Aviation and Aerospace Security
12.6 Additional Commentary: Aircraft Hijacking
12.7 Historical Perspective: Maritime Security
12.8 Modern Perspective: Maritime Security
12.9 Historical Perspective: Mass Transit and Railway Security
12.10 Modern Perspective: Mass Transit and Railway Security
12.11 Container and Cargo Security
12.12 The Mexican Border and Violence
12.13 Human Trafficking
12.14 Transportation and Border Security Initiatives
12.14.1 Border Permeability
12.14.2 Border Security: Immigration
12.14.3 Border Security: Searches
12.14.4 Border Security: U.S.-Mexican Border Fence
12.14.5 Border Security: Aviation Surveillance and Reconnaissance
12.15 Small Vessel Security Strategy
12.16 Federal Flight Deck Officers
12.17 Terrorist Watch List and the No-Fly List
12.18 Legislation Pertaining to Transportation and Border Security
12.18.1 The Magnuson Act of 1950
12.18.2 Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972
12.18.3 Port and Tanker Safety Act of 1978
12.18.4 International Maritime and Port Security Act
12.18.5 Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002
12.18.6 Security and Accountability for Every Port Act of 2006
12.18.7 The Oil Pollution Act of 1990
12.18.8 The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996
12.18.9 The Aviation and Transportation Security Act of 2001
12.18.10 Critical Infrastructure Information Act of 2002
12.18.11 The Border Protection, Antiterrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005
12.19 Chapter Comments and Summary
12.20 Key Terms
12.21 Thought and Discussion Questions
Notes
References
13 International Emergency Management
13.1 Introduction
13.2 International Emergency Management: An Overview
13.3 Historical Scope of the Challenge
13.4 Global and International Scope of the Challenge
13.4.1 Natural Disasters
13.4.2 Accidents
13.4.3 Pandemics
13.4.4 Conflicts and Violence
13.5 International Assistance
13.5.1 International Support Involving Other Nations
13.5.2 International Support from Nongovernmental Organizations
13.5.3 International Military Assistance
13.5.4 United Nations Disaster Relief Support
13.6 The U.S. Response to an International Crisis
13.6.1 U.S. Emergency Response Protocol
13.7 Chapter Comments and Summary
13.8 Key Terms
13.9 Thought and Discussion Questions
Notes
References
14 Globalization, Geopolitics, and Homeland Security
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Globalization Explained
14.3 Ramifications of Globalization for Homeland Security
14.4 Clash of Civilizations
14.5 Terrorism: A Backlash to Globalization?
14.6 Globalism: U.S. Security along the U.S.-Mexican Border
14.7 Globalism: U.S. Security along the U.S.-Canadian Border
14.8 Case Study: The Rise of a Theocratic Iran
14.9 Case Study: Mara Salvatrucha
14.10 Globalization and Organized Crime
14.11 Chapter Comments and Summary
14.12 Key Terms
14.13 Thought and Discussion Questions
Notes
References
Index