Copyright......Page 6
Preface......Page 7
Acknowledgments......Page 17
About the Authors......Page 18
Brief Contents......Page 20
Contents......Page 21
1: Introduction to Emergency Management......Page 35
Defining Hazards, Emergencies, and Disasters......Page 36
Natural Hazards......Page 37
Technological Disasters......Page 38
Terrorist Disasters......Page 39
The Role of the Emergency Manager......Page 40
Local Emergency Management......Page 42
Studying and Responding to Hazards......Page 44
Disaster Preparedness......Page 45
Emergency Response......Page 46
The Mix of Strategy Elements......Page 47
Key Terms......Page 49
Review Questions......Page 51
Applying This Chapter......Page 52
You Try It......Page 53
2: Emergency Management Stakeholders......Page 54
Social Groups......Page 55
Private Sector Groups......Page 56
Economic Groups......Page 58
Governmental Groups......Page 59
Regional Stakeholders......Page 60
National Stakeholders......Page 61
Involving Stakeholders in Emergency Management......Page 63
Getting the Community Involved......Page 64
Reward and Coercive Power......Page 65
Direction of Power......Page 66
Agenda Setting......Page 68
Policy Formulation......Page 71
Policy Implementation......Page 73
Summary......Page 74
Key Terms......Page 75
Summary Questions......Page 77
Applying This Chapter......Page 78
You Try It......Page 79
3: Building an Effective Emergency Management Organization......Page 80
The Local Emergency Management Agency (LEMA)......Page 81
Job Description and Reporting Structure......Page 82
LEMA Staffing......Page 83
LEMA Program Plan......Page 84
LEMA Budget Preparation......Page 85
LEMA Funding Sources......Page 86
Designing Effective Emergency Management Organizations......Page 87
Hazard Exposure and Vulnerability......Page 88
Community Resources......Page 89
Staffing and Organization......Page 90
Step 1: Planning Activities......Page 92
Step 3: Analyzing the Situation......Page 93
Step 5: Choosing a Strategy......Page 94
Individual Outcomes......Page 95
Organizational Outcomes......Page 97
Step 2: Publish a Planning Directive......Page 99
Step 3: Organize the LEMC......Page 100
Step 5: Write Plans......Page 103
Step 7: Obtain Community Review......Page 104
Summary......Page 105
Key Terms......Page 106
Summary Questions......Page 107
Applying This Chapter......Page 108
You Try It......Page 109
4: Risk Perception and Communication......Page 110
Household Response to Warnings......Page 111
Step 2: Risk Assessment......Page 112
Step 4: Protective Action Assessment......Page 113
Step 5: Protective Action Implementation......Page 116
Step 6: Information Needs Assessment......Page 117
Step 8: Communication Action Implementation......Page 118
Risk Communication During the Continuing Hazard Phase......Page 119
Step 1: Conduct a Strategic Analysis......Page 121
Step 2: Perform an Operational Analysis......Page 123
Step 3: Mobilize Resources......Page 125
Step 4: Develop a Program......Page 127
Step 5: Implement the Risk Communication Program......Page 131
Risk Communication during an Escalating Crisis or Emergency Response......Page 132
Step 2: Implement a Risk Communication Program......Page 133
Summary......Page 136
Key Terms......Page 137
Review Questions......Page 138
Applying This Chapter......Page 139
You Try It......Page 140
5: Principal Hazards in the United States......Page 141
Severe Storms......Page 142
Tornadoes......Page 144
Hurricanes......Page 145
Wildfires......Page 149
Floods......Page 151
Storm Surge......Page 156
Tsunamis......Page 157
Volcanic Eruptions......Page 159
Earthquakes......Page 161
Technological Hazards......Page 165
Fires......Page 170
Toxic Industrial Chemical Releases......Page 171
Weaponized Toxic Chemicals......Page 175
Radiological Material Releases......Page 176
Biological Hazards......Page 179
Summary......Page 181
Key Terms......Page 182
Summary Questions......Page 185
Applying This Chapter......Page 186
You Try It......Page 188
6: Hazard, Vulnerability, and Risk Analysis......Page 189
Community Vulnerability to Disasters......Page 190
Preimpact Conditions......Page 191
Physical Vulnerability......Page 192
Social Vulnerability......Page 193
Improvised Disaster Response......Page 194
Improvised Disaster Recovery......Page 195
Physical Impact......Page 196
Social Impacts......Page 198
Economic Impact......Page 199
Political Impact......Page 200
Hazard Mitigation Practices......Page 201
Emergency Preparedness Practices......Page 202
Recovery Preparedness Practices......Page 203
Mapping Natural Hazard Exposure......Page 204
Mapping Hazmat Exposures......Page 205
Assessing Physical Vulnerability......Page 206
Assessing and Mapping Social Vulnerability......Page 211
Conducting Hazard Vulnerability Analysis with HAZUS-MH......Page 214
Analyzing and Disseminating Hazard Vulnerability Data......Page 215
Assessing Risk......Page 217
Summary......Page 219
Key Terms......Page 220
Summary Questions......Page 222
Review Questions......Page 223
Applying This Chapter......Page 224
You Try It......Page 225
7: Hazard Mitigation......Page 226
Legal Framework for Hazard Mitigation......Page 227
Hazard Source Control......Page 229
Community Protection Works......Page 230
Land-Use Practices......Page 233
Building Construction Practices......Page 235
Building Contents Protection......Page 245
Applying Hazard Mitigation Measures......Page 246
Reducing Technological Hazards......Page 248
Reducing Natural Hazards......Page 249
Creating Disaster Resilient Communities......Page 250
Key Terms......Page 252
Summary Questions......Page 255
Applying This Chapter......Page 256
You Try It......Page 257
8: Myths And Realities Of Disaster Response......Page 258
Myths of Household Response to Disasters......Page 259
Disaster Shock......Page 260
Panic......Page 261
Homogeneity of Victim Response......Page 263
Convergence......Page 264
Resources......Page 265
Warnings......Page 266
Different Warning Methods......Page 268
Personal Risk Assessment and Response......Page 269
Evacuation......Page 270
Departure Timing......Page 273
Destination/Route Choice......Page 275
Search and Rescue......Page 276
Shelter Use......Page 277
Volunteers and Emergent Organizations......Page 279
Information......Page 281
Protective Action......Page 282
Compliance......Page 284
Spontaneous Evacuation......Page 285
Expectations Regarding Stress Effects and Health Consequences......Page 286
Expectations for Health Consequences......Page 287
Summary......Page 288
Key Terms......Page 289
Summary Questions......Page 290
Applying This Chapter......Page 291
You Try It......Page 293
9: Preparedness for Emergency Response and Disaster Recovery......Page 294
Guiding Principles of Emergency Planning......Page 295
Managing Resistance to the Planning Process......Page 296
Rely on Accurate Assumptions......Page 297
Identify Appropriate Actions While Encouraging Improvisation......Page 298
Adopt a Continuous Planning Process......Page 299
Emergency Assessment......Page 301
Hazard Operations......Page 302
Incident Management......Page 303
Incident Command System and Incident Management System......Page 304
Basic IMS Principles......Page 307
IMS Implementation......Page 308
Emergency Operations Centers......Page 312
Organizational Structures for Emergency Preparedness......Page 315
Metropolitan Medical Response System......Page 316
Urban Areas Security Initiative......Page 317
The National Incident Management System (NIMS)......Page 318
EOP Components......Page 321
Summary......Page 326
Key Terms......Page 327
Summary Questions......Page 328
Applying This Chapter......Page 329
You Try It......Page 330
10: Organizational Emergency Response......Page 331
Threat Detection and Emergency Classification......Page 332
Hazard and Environmental Monitoring......Page 338
Damage Assessment......Page 340
Hazard Operations......Page 341
Protective Action Selection......Page 344
Protective Action Implementation......Page 345
Impact Zone Access Control and Security......Page 348
Search and Rescue......Page 349
Reception and Care of Victims......Page 351
Emergency Medical Care......Page 352
Hazard Exposure Control......Page 357
Environmental Surety......Page 358
Agency Notification and Mobilization......Page 361
Mobilization of Emergency Facilities and Equipment......Page 362
Communication/Documentation......Page 364
Analysis/Planning......Page 365
Internal Direction and Control......Page 366
External Coordination......Page 367
Public Information......Page 368
Administrative and Logistical Support......Page 369
Key Terms......Page 370
Summary Questions......Page 372
Applying This Chapter......Page 373
You Try It......Page 374
11: Disaster Recovery......Page 375
The Routine Functioning of U.S. Communities......Page 376
Household Activities......Page 377
Government Activities......Page 378
The Recovery Process......Page 379
Facilitating Conditions for Disaster Recovery......Page 380
Disaster Recovery Functions......Page 381
Housing Recovery......Page 383
Economic Recovery......Page 386
Psychological Recovery......Page 387
Sources of Household Recovery Assistance......Page 388
Business Recovery......Page 390
The Role of State and Federal Governments in Recovery......Page 394
The Role of Hazard Insurance......Page 397
Local Government Recovery Functions......Page 398
Envisioning a Community Recovery Strategy......Page 399
The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations and Community Based Organizations......Page 400
Disaster Assessment......Page 401
Short-Term Recovery......Page 405
Long-Term Reconstruction......Page 409
Recovery Management......Page 412
Summary......Page 413
Key Terms......Page 414
Summary Questions......Page 416
Applying This Chapter......Page 417
You Try It......Page 419
12: Evaluation......Page 420
Evaluating Personnel Performance......Page 421
General Principles of Organizational Evaluation......Page 427
National Fire Protection Association Standard 1600......Page 428
State Capability Assessment for Readiness Program......Page 432
The Emergency Management Accreditation Program......Page 434
Drills......Page 436
Full-scale Exercises......Page 439
Critiques......Page 441
Evaluating Training and Risk Communication Programs......Page 442
Key Terms......Page 444
Summary Questions......Page 447
Applying This Chapter......Page 448
You Try It......Page 449
13: International Emergency Management......Page 450
Economic Resources......Page 451
Organization of Government......Page 453
Civil Society......Page 454
The Role of the Military Emergency Management......Page 455
The Role of International Organizations......Page 456
Preparedness: Landslide Evacuation in Sรฃo-Paulo, Brazil......Page 457
Restructuring Emergency Management in New Zealand......Page 459
Reconstruction and Recovery: India......Page 460
Mitigation: Land-Use Planning in Colombia......Page 465
Addressing Hazmat through Land-Use Planning......Page 467
Civil Society: The Chi-Chi Earthquake in Taiwan......Page 470
Summary......Page 473
Key Terms......Page 474
Review Questions......Page 475
Applying This Chapter......Page 476
You Try It......Page 477
14: Professional Accountability......Page 478
Distinguishing Emergency Management......Page 479
The Requirements and Characteristics of a Profession......Page 483
Emergency Management as a Profession......Page 485
Professional Ethics......Page 487
Body of Knowledge......Page 488
Certification Programs in Emergency Management......Page 491
Academic Programs in Emergency Management......Page 493
Issues of Legal Liability......Page 496
Key Terms......Page 500
Summary Questions......Page 501
Applying This Chapter......Page 502
You Try It......Page 503
15: Future Directions in Emergency Management......Page 504
Global Climate Change......Page 505
Increasing Population and Population Density......Page 506
Increasing Resource Scarcities......Page 507
Increasing Risk Aversion......Page 508
Increased Scientific Understanding of Hazards and Societal Responses......Page 509
Revolutionary Technologies......Page 510
Continued Emphasis on Growth......Page 515
Increasing Population Diversity......Page 516
Terrorist Threats......Page 517
Priority of Emergency Management......Page 518
Legal Liability......Page 519
Conflicting Values......Page 520
Applying the Principles of Project Impact......Page 521
Linkage of Emergency Management Practitioners and Academic Disciplines......Page 522
Increased Professionalization of Emergency Management......Page 523
Expansion of the Professional Domain......Page 524
Regional Collaboration......Page 525
Key Terms......Page 527
Summary Questions......Page 528
Applying This Chapter......Page 529
You Try It......Page 530
Bibliography......Page 531
Glossary......Page 581
Photo Credits......Page 595
Index......Page 596