Introduction to Biotechnology and Biostatistics

✍ Scribed by Khushboo Chaudhary (author)

• Publisher: Delve Publishing
• Year: 2019
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 468
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Introduction to Biotechnology and Biostatistics is a book which introduces the concept of biotechnology and biostatistics. Different terms such as genes, genomes and genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology have been described in this book. This book highlights the important of genetic engineering in the human welfare and the concept of animal biotechnology as well as plant biotechnology. This book aims to discuss about the concept of industrial biotechnology, environmental biotechnology and the biosafety guidelines for the intellectual property rights and entrepreneurship development. The techniques and processes related to biotechnology have been provided in this book. This book provides insights to the readers about the concept of biostatistics and software which are used for the analysis of the data while performing research.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Glossary
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Abbreviations
Preface
Acknowledgment
Chapter 1 Introduction of Biotechnology
1.1. Scope
1.2. Importance
1.3. Biotechnology Century
1.4. History Of Biotechnology
1.5. Traditional Biotechnology
1.6. Modern Biotechnology
1.7. Global Impact And Current Excitement Of Biotechnology
1.8. Biotechnology Impact On Health Care
1.9. Biotechnology Impact On Environment
1.10. Biotechnology Impact On Agriculture
1.11. Biotechnology In India
1.12. Biotechnology In World
1.13. Future Development Achievements Of Biotechnology
1.14. Misuse Of Biotechnology
1.15. Biodiversity And Its Conservations
1.16. Introduction To Biodiversity
1.17. Definition And Explanation
1.18. Alpha And Beta Biodiversity
1.19. Levels Of Biodiversity
1.20. Rate Of Loss Of Biodiversity
1.21. Causes For The Loss Of Biodiversity
1.22. Uses Of Biodiversity
1.23. Extent Of Biodiversity In Plant
1.24. Exploration And Germplasm Collection
1.25. Introduction And Exchange Of Pgr (Plant Genetic Resources)
1.26. Red Data Book And Endangered Plant Species
1.27. Plant Genetic Resources
1.28. Plant Quarantine Aspects
1.29. Sanitary And Phytosanitary Systems (SPS)
1.30. In-Situ Conservation
1.31. Ex-Situ Conservation
1.32. Cryopreservation
1.33. Gene Banks
1.34. Cryobanks
1.35. IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute)
1.36. FAO (Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations)
1.37. NBPGR (National Bureau Of Plant Genetic Resources)
1.38. CGIAR (Consultative Group For International Agricultural Research)
1.39. Plant Breeders Rights
1.40. Farmers Rights
1.41. Protection Of Plant Varieties
1.42. Farmers Rights Acts
Chapter 2 Genes And Genomes And Genetic Engineering
2.1. Nature Of DNA
2.2. Composition Of DNA
2.3. Nucleosides
2.4. Nucleotides
2.5. Polynucleotide
2.6. Chargaff-Equivalence Rule
2.7. Physical Nature Of DNA
2.8. Watson And Crick’s Model Of DNA
2.9. Circular And Super Helical DNA
2.10. Organization Of DNA
2.11. Structure Of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
2.12. Gene Concept
2.13. Units of A Gene
2.14. Cistron
2.15. Recon
2.16. Muton
2.17. Split Genes (Or Introns)
2.18. RNA Splicing
2.19. Ribozymes
2.20. Overlapping Genes (Genes Within Genes)
2.21. Gene Organization
2.22. Gene Expression
2.23. Gene Regulation
2.24. Transcription
2.25. Translation
2.26. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
2.27. Polymerase Chain Reaction Application
2.28. DNA Fingerprinting
Chapter 3 Recombinant DNA Technology And Tools Of Genetic Engineering
3.1. Chimeric DNA
3.2. Restriction Enzymes For Cloning
3.3. Technique Of Restriction Mapping
3.4. Restriction Cleavage And Gel Electrophoresis
3.5. Construction Of A Restriction Map
3.6. Use Partial Digests, End Labeling Hybridization In Restriction Mapping
3.7. Construction Of Chimeric DNA
3.8. Adding Poly Da At The 3’ Ends Of The Vector And Poly Dt At The 3’ Ends Of The DNA Clone
3.9. Blunt End Ligation By T4 DNA Ligase
3.10. DNA Cloning In Bacteria And Eukaryotes
3.11. Cloning In Bacteria
3.12. Cloning In Eukaryotes
3.13. Molecular Probes
3.14. Preparation Of Probes
3.15. Genomic DNA Probes
3.16 CDNA Probes
3.17. Synthetic Oligonucleotides As Probes
3.18. Rna Probes Or Riboprobes
3.19. Labeling Of Probes
3.20. Radiolabeled Probes
3.21. Amplification Of DNA Probe Signals
3.22. Techniques Used In Molecular Probing
3.23. Separation Of DNA Fragments Using Agarose Or Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
3.24. Separation Of Large DNA Molecule Molecules Using (PFGE)
3.25. Southern, Northern, And Western Blotting
3.26. Dots And Slot Blots
3.27. Applications Of Molecular Probes
3.28. Construction And Screening Of Genomic And CDNA Libraries
3.29 CDNA Library From Mrnas
3.30. Colony (Plaque) Hybridization For Screening Of Libraries
3.31. Chromosome Walking And Characterization Of Chromosome Seg-ments
3.32. Reverse Genetics And Chromosome Jumping (Or Hopping Libraries)
3.33. Isolation, Sequencing, And Synthesis Of Genes
3.34. Maxam And Gilbert’s Chemical Degradation Method
3.35. Sanger’s Dideoxynucleotide Synthetic Method
3.36. Direct DNA Sequencing Using PCR (Also Called Ligation Mediated PCR LMPCR)
3.37. Synthesis Of Genes
3.38. Gene Synthesis Machines
3.39. Synthesis Of Genes From MRNA
3.40. Gel Permeation
3.41. Chromatography
3.42. Ion Exchanged Chromatography
3.43. Electrophoresis
3.44. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
3.45. Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFEG)
3.46. Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis
3.47. Spectrometery
3.48. Matrix-Assisted Layer Desorption-Ionization (MALDI)
3.49. Surface Enhanced Laser Desorption-Ionization (SELDI)
3.50. Electrospray Ionization (ESI)
3.51. Fluorescence Spectroscopy
3.52. Polymerase Chain Reaction
3.53. DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF)
3.54. Application Of PCR
Chapter 4 Recombinant DNA Technology And Tools Of Genetic Engineering
4.1. Exonuclease
4.2. Endonuclease
4.3. Restriction Endonucleases
4.4. Nomenclature
4.5. Examples Of Some Enzymes
4.6. Nuclease
4.7. DNA Ligases
4.8. Alkaline Phosphatase
4.9. Reverse Transcriptase
4.10. DNA Polymerase
4.11. T4 Polynucleotide Kinase
4.12. Terminal Transferase
4.13. Use Of Linkers And Adaptors
Chapter 5 Tools Of Genetic Engineering (Cloning Vectors)
5.1. Cloning And Expression Vectors
5.2. Cloning Vector For Recombinant DNA
5.3. Plasmids As Vectors
5.4. Pbr322 And Pbr327 Vectors
5.5. Puc Vectors
5.6. Yeast Plasmid Vectors
5.7. Retriever Vectors
5.8. Ti And Ri Plasmids As Vector For Higher Plants
5.9. Bacteriophages As Vectors
5.10. Lambda Phage Vectors
5.11. Cosmids As Vectors
5.12. Phagemids As Vectors
5.13. P1 Cloning Vectors Foe Cloning Large DNA Segments
5.14. Plant And Animal Viruses as Vectors
5.15. Transposones As Vectors
5.16. Artificial Chromosome (Yac And Mac) Vectors For Cloning Large DNA Segments
5.17. Promoters
5.18. Nopaline Synthase (Nos) Promoter From T-DNA
5.19. Expression Cassettes
5.20. Virus Expression Vector For Mammalian Cells
5.21. Binary And Shuttle Vectors
5.22. Ac-Ds Elements
5.23. P Element
5.24. Expression Vector
Chapter 6 Techniques Of Genetic Engineering
6.1. Gene Cloning
6.2. Cloning In Prokaryotes
6.3. Strategies Of Recombinant DNA Technology
6.4. Gene Library
6.5. Genomic Library
6.6 CDNA Library
6.7. Isolation Of MRNA
6.8. Preparation Of CDNA.
6.9. Oligo-Dg Primer
6.10. Synthesis Of Second Strand Of CDNA
6.11. Insertion Of DNA Into Vector
6.12. Use Of Restriction Enzyme Linkers
6.13. Use Of Homopolymer Tails
6.14. Transfer Of Recombinant DNA Into Bacterial Cell
6.15. Transformation
6.16. Transfection
6.17. Selection (Screening) Of Recombinants
6.18. Direct Selection Of Recombinants
6.19. Insertional Selection Inactivation Method
6.20. Blue-White Selection Method
6.21. Colony Hybridization (Nucleic Acid Hybridization) Technique
6.22. In Vitro Translation
6.23. Immunological Tests
6.24. Blotting Techniques
6.25. Southern Blotting Techniques
6.26. Northern Blotting Technique
6.27. Western Blotting
6.28. Recovery Of Cells
6.29. Expression Of Cloned DNA
6.30. Shine-Dalgarno Sequence
6.31. Detection Of Nucleic Acids
6.32. Radioactive Labeling
6.33. Random Primed Radiolabeling Of Probes
6.34. Non-Radioactive Labeling
6.35. Digoxigenin (Dig) Labeling System
6.36. Biotin-Streptavidin Labeling System
6.37. Gene Cloning In Eukaryotes
6.38. Transformation In Filamentous Fungi
6.39. Gene Transfer In Dicots By Using Agrobacterium Ti-DNA As Vector
6.40. Gene Transfer In Monocots
6.41. Plant Cell Transformation By Ultrasonication
6.42. Liposome-Mediated Gene Transfer
6.43. Animal Cells
6.44. Electroporation
6.45. Particle Bombardment Gun
6.46. Microinjection
6.47. Direct Transformation
6.48. Gene DNA Sequencing
6.49. Maxam And Gilbert’s Chemical Degration Method
6.50. Cleavage Of Purine
6.51. Cleavage Of Pyrimidine
6.52. Sanger Method (Dideoxynucleotide Chain Termination Method)
6.53. Automatic DNA Sequencers
6.54. Site-Directed Mutagenesis
6.55. Methods Of Mutagenesis
Chapter 7 Genetic Engineering For Human Welfare
7.1. Production Of Chemicals And Cloned Genes
7.2. Human Peptide Hormone Genes
7.3. Insulin
7.4. Somatotropin
7.5. Somatostatin
7.6. Human Interferon Gene (HIG)
7.7. Vaccines For Hepatitis B Virus
7.8. Rabies Virus (RV)
7.9. Vaccines For Poliovirus
7.10. Vaccines For Foot And Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV)
7.11. Vaccines For Smallpox Virus
7.12. Malaria Vaccines
7.13. DNA Vaccines
7.14. Genes Associated With Genetic Diseases
7.15. Phenylketonuria Genes
7.16. Urokinase Genes
7.17. Thalassemia Genes
7.18. Hemophilia Genes
7.19. Enzyme Engineering
7.20. Commercial Chemicals
7.21. Prevention, Diagnosis And Cure Of Disease
7.22. Parasitic Disease
7.23. Monoclonal Antibodies
7.24. Gene Therapy
7.25. Types Of G ene Therapy
7.26. Methods Of Gene Transfer
7.27. Gene Therapy Success
7.28. DNA Profiling
7.29. Method Of DNA Fingerprinting
7.30. Application Of DNA Profiling
7.31. Immigrant Dispute
7.32. Animal And Plant Improvement
7.33. Pollution Of Abatement
Chapter 8 Animal Biotechnology
8.1. Introduction
8.2. History Of Animal Cell Culture
8.3. Requirements For Animal Cell And Tissue Culture
8.4. Animal Cell Growth In Culture
8.5. Substrates For Cell Growth
8.6. Culture Media
8.7. Glassware, Equipments, And Culture Media
8.8. Equipment Required For Animal Cell Culture
8.9. Laminar Air Flow (LAF)
8.10. Co2 Incubators
8.11. Centrifuges
8.12. Inverted Microscope
8.13. Culture Room
8.14. Data Collection (Observation)
8.15. Isolation Of Animal Material (Tissue)
8.16. Establishment Of Cell Cultures
8.17. Cell Lines
8.18. Hybridoma Technology
8.19. Monocional Antibodies Production Of Monoclonal Antibodies (MOAB)
8.20. Applications Of Monoclonal Antibodies
8.21. Disease Diagnosis
Chapter 9 Plant Biotechnology
9.1. Introduction
9.2. History
9.3. Requirements For In-Vitro Cultures
9.4. Tissue Culture Laboratory
9.5. Washing And Storage Facilities
9.6. Media Preparation Room
9.7. Transfer Area
9.8. Nutrient Media
9.9. Inorganic Chemicals
9.10. Growth Hormones
9.11. Organic Constituents
9.12. Vitamins
9.13. Amino Acids
9.14. Solidifying Agents
9.15. pH
9.16. Maintenance Of Aseptic Environment
9.17. Sterilization Of Glassware
9.18. Sterilization Of Instruments
9.19. Sterilization Of Culture Rooms
9.20. Sterilization Of Nutrient Media
9.21. Sterilization Of Plant Materials
9.22. Methods Of Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Culture Basic Steps
9.23. Types Of Culture
9.24. Explant Culture
9.25. Callus Formation
9.26. Organogenesis
9.27. Root Culture
9.28. Shoot Culture
9.29. Micropropagation
9.30. Cell-Suspension Culture
9.31. Benefits Of Cell Culture
9.32. Somatic Embryogenesis
9.33. Somaclonal Variation
9.34. Protoplast Culture
9.35. Isolation Of Protoplasts
9.36. Regenration
9.37. Protoplast Fusion And Somatic Hybridization
9.38. Fusion Product
9.39. Methods Of Somatic Hybridization
9.40. Selection Of Somatic Hybrids And Cybrids
9.41. Anther And Pollen Culture
9.42. Culturing Techniques
9.43. In-Vitro Androgenesis
9.44. Direct Androgenesis
9.45. Indirect Androgenesis
9.46. Mentor Pollen Technology
9.47. Embryo Culture
9.48. Embryo Rescue
9.49. Triploid Production
9.50. Protoplast Fusion In Fungi
9.51. Application In Agriculture
9.52. Bioethics In Plant Genetic Engineering
Chapter 10 Industrial Biotechnology
10.1. Technique Of Microbial Culture
10.2. Growth Media
10.3. Sources Of Nutrition
10.4. Procedures Of Microbial Culture
10.5. Sterilization
10.6. Control Of Environmental Conditions For Microbial Growth
10.7. Aeration And Mixing
10.8. Vessels For Microbial Cultures
10.9. Types Of Microbial Cultures
10.10. Measurement Of Microbial Growth
10.11. Metabolic Pathways In Micro-Organisms
10.12. Glycolysis Or EMP Pathway
10.13. Entner-Doudoroff Pathway
10.14. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
10.15. Microbial Products
10.16. Primary Metabolites
10.17. Secondary Metabolites
10.18. Enzymes
10.19. Microbial Biomass
10.20. Scale-Up Microblial Process
10.21. Downstream Processing
10.22. Separation Of Biomass
10.23. Cell Disruption
10.24. Concentration Of Broth
10.25. Initial Purification Of Metabolites
10.26. Metabolite-Specific Purification
10. 27. Isolation And Improvement In Microbial Strains
10.28. Strain Improvement Or Microorganism
10.29. Recombination
10.30. Recombinant DNA Technology (= Genetic Engineering Technique)
Chapter 11 Environmental Biotechnology
11.1. Energy Source
11.2. Nuclear Energy
11.3. Fossil Fuel Energy
11.4. Non-Fossil And Non-Nuclear Energy
11.5. Biomass As A Source Of Energy
11.6. Composition Of Biomass
11.7. Terrestrial Biomass
11.8. Aquatic Biomass
11.9. Salvinia
11.10. Water Hyacinth (Eicchornia Crassipes)
11.11. Waste As A Renewable Resources
11.12. Composition Of Wastes
11.13. Sources Of Wastes
11.14. Non-Biological Process (Thermo-Chemical Process)
11.15. Direct Combustion
11.16. Pyrolysis
11.17. Gasification
11.18. Liquefaction
11.19. The Biological Process (Bioconversion)
11.20. Enzymatic Digestion
11.21. Anaerobic Digestion
11.22. Aerobic Digestion
11.23. Bioremediation
11.24. Phytoremdiation
11.25. Vermicomposting
Chapter 12 Biosafety Guidelines Intellectual Property Rights And Entrepreneurship Development
12.1. Biosafety
12.2. Hazards Of Environmental Engineering
12.3. Biosafety Guidelines And Regulation
12.4. Intellectual Property Rights
12.5. Patents
12.6. Copyrights
12.7. Trademarks
12.8. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
12.9. General Agreement Of Tariffs And Trade (Gatt) And Trade Related IPRS (Trips)
12.10. Biodiversity Bill 2002
12.11. Geographic Indicator Bill
Chapter 13 Biotechnology Practical
13.1. Sterilization Techniques (Experiment 1)
13.2. Media Preparation (Experiment 2)
13.3. Isolation And Characterization Of Unknown Bacteria (Experiment 3)
13.4. Bacterial Growth Kinetics (Experiment 4)
13.5. Cell Viability Assay (Experiment 5)
13.6. Isolation Of Genomic DNA From Bacteria (Experiment 6)
13.7. Plasmid DNA Isolate From Bacteria (Experiment 7)
13.8. Rna Extraction By Kit (Experiment 8)
13.9. Identification Of Bacterial Species Based On 16S RDNA Sequences (Experiment 9)
13.10. Isolation Of Milk Protein (Experiment 10)
13.11. Protein Estimation (Experiment 11)
13.12. Assay Of Acid Phosphatase (Experiment 12)
13.13. Identification N-Terminal Amino Acid Of A Protein (Experiment 13)
13.14. Sds-Page Analysis Of Proteins (Experiment 14)
13.15. Restriction Digestion Of DNA (Experiment 15)
13.16. DNA Sequencing (Experiment 16)
13.17. Protoplast Preparation And Fusion (Experiment 17)
Chapter 14 Biostatistics
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Biostatistics Concept
14.3 Frequency Distribution
14.4. Variables
14.5. Qualitative Variable
14.6. Quantitative Variable
14.7. Discrete Variable
14.8. Continuous Variable
14.9. Random Variable
14.10. Non-Random Variable
14.11. Sample Survey Method
14.12. Census Method
14.13. Graphical Representation Of Data
14.14. Primary Data
14.15. Secondary Data
14.16. Biostatistics
14.17. Presentation Of Data
14.18. Different Graphs And Diagram
14.19. Line Diagram
14.20. Bar Diagram
14.21. Pie Diagram
14.22. Stem And Leaf Plate
14.23 Histogram
14.24 Ogives
14.25. Scatter Diagram
14.26. Some Important Facts
14.27. Descriptive Statistics
14.28. Mean
14.29. Calculate Average
14.30. Median
14.31. Mode
14.32. Standard Deviation
14.33. Short Cut Method
14.34. Calculate Standard Deviation On Excel
14.35 Correlation (R)
14.36. Regression
14.37 Null Hypothesis
14.38. Alternative Hypothesis
14.39. Central Tendency
14.40 Measures Of Variation
14.41 Binomial Distribution
14.42. Skewness
14.43. Kurtosis And Moment
14.44 Set Theory And Probability
14.45. Comparative Statistics
14.46. Chi Square Test
14.47. Student “T” Distribution Test
14.48. Z-Test
14.49. F-Test Or Fisher’s F Test
14.50. T Test
14.51. Anova (Analysis Of Variances)
14.52. Non-Parametric Statistics
14.53. Important Formulas
Chapter 15 Software Used For The Analysis Of Observations And Data
15.1. Sigma Plot
15.2. Spss (Statistical Package For The Social Sciences)
15.3. Origin Pro Software
Index
Back Cover