Internet of Things: Architectures, Protocols and Standards

✍ Scribed by Simone Cirani; Gianluigi Ferrari; Marco Picone; Luca Veltri

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2018
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 403
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book addresses researchers and graduate students at the forefront of study/research on the Internet of Things (IoT) by presenting state-of-the-art research together with the current and future challenges in building new smart applications (e.g., Smart Cities, Smart Buildings, and Industrial IoT) in an efficient, scalable, and sustainable way. It covers the main pillars of the IoT world (Connectivity, Interoperability, Discoverability, and Security/Privacy), providing a comprehensive look at the current technologies, procedures, and architectures.

✦ Table of Contents

Internet of Things: Architectures, Protocols and Standards
Contents
Preface
1 Preliminaries, Motivation, and Related Work
1.1 What is the Internet of Things?
1.2 Wireless Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks: The Ancestors without IP
1.3 IoT-enabled Applications
1.3.1 Home and Building Automation
1.3.2 Smart Cities
1.3.3 Smart Grids
1.3.4 Industrial IoT
1.3.5 Smart Farming
2 Standards
2.1 “Traditional” Internet Review
2.1.1 Physical/Link Layer
2.1.1.1 IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)
2.1.1.2 IEEE 802.11
2.1.2 Network Layer
2.1.2.1 IPv6 and IPv4
2.1.3 Transport Layer
2.1.3.1 TCP and UDP
2.1.4 Application Layer
2.1.4.1 HTTP
2.1.4.2 AMQP
2.1.4.3 SIP
2.2 The Internet of Things
2.2.1 Designing the Architecture of an IP-based Internet of Things
2.2.2 Physical/Link Layer
2.2.2.1 IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee
2.2.2.2 Low-power Wi-Fi
2.2.2.3 Bluetooth and BLE
2.2.2.4 Powerline Communications
2.2.3 Network Layer
2.2.3.1 The 6LoWPAN Adaptation Layer
2.2.4 Transport Layer
2.2.5 Application Layer
2.2.5.1 CoAP
2.2.5.2 CoSIP Protocol Specification
2.3 The Industrial IoT
3 Interoperability
3.1 Applications in the IoT
3.2 The Verticals: Cloud-based Solutions
3.3 REST Architectures: The Web of Things
3.3.1 REST: The Web as a Platform
3.3.1.1 Resource-oriented Architectures
3.3.1.2 REST Architectures
3.3.1.3 Representation of Resources
3.3.1.4 Resource Identifiers
3.3.1.5 Statelessness
3.3.1.6 Applications as Finite-state Machines
3.3.1.7 Hypermedia as the Engine of Application State
3.3.2 Richardson Maturity Model
3.3.2.1 Level 0: the Swamp of POX
3.3.2.2 Level 1: Resources
3.3.2.3 Level 2: HTTP Verbs
3.3.2.4 Level 3: Hypermedia
3.3.2.5 The Meaning of the Levels
3.4 The Web of Things
3.5 Messaging Queues and Publish/Subscribe Communications
3.5.1 Advantages of the Pub/Sub Model
3.5.2 Disadvantages of the Pub/Sub Model
3.5.3 Message Queue Telemetry Transport
3.5.3.1 MQTT versus AMQP
3.6 Session Initiation for the IoT
3.6.1 Motivations
3.6.2 Lightweight Sessions in the IoT
3.6.2.1 A Protocol for Constrained Session Initiation
3.6.2.2 Session Initiation
3.6.2.3 Session Tear-down
3.6.2.4 Session Modification
3.7 Performance Evaluation
3.7.1 Implementation
3.7.2 Experimental Results
3.7.3 Conclusions
3.8 Optimized Communications: the Dual-network Management Protocol
3.8.1 DNMP Motivations
3.8.2 RelatedWork
3.8.3 The DNMP Protocol
3.8.4 Implementation with IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11s
3.8.4.1 LPLT Networking
3.8.4.2 HPHT Networking
3.8.4.3 Node Integration
3.8.5 Performance Evaluation
3.8.5.1 Experimental Setup
3.8.5.2 Operational Limitations of IEEE 802.15.4
3.8.6 IEEE 802.15.4-controlled Selective Activation of the IEEE 802.11s Network
3.8.7 Conclusions
3.9 Discoverability in Constrained Environments
3.9.1 CoRE Link Format
3.9.1.1 CoRE Link Format: Discovery
3.9.1.2 Link Format
3.9.1.3 The Interface Description Attribute
3.9.2 CoRE Interfaces
3.9.2.1 Sensor
3.9.2.2 Parameter
3.9.2.3 Read-only Parameter
3.9.2.4 Actuator
3.10 Data Formats: Media Types for Sensor Markup Language
3.10.1 JSON Representations
3.10.1.1 Single Datapoint
3.10.1.2 Multiple Datapoints
3.10.1.3 MultipleMeasurements
4 Discoverability
4.1 Service and Resource Discovery
4.2 Local and Large-scale Service Discovery
4.2.1 ZeroConf
4.2.2 UPnP
4.2.3 URI Beacons and the Physical Web
4.3 Scalable and Self-configuring Architecture for Service Discovery in the IoT
4.3.1 IoT Gateway
4.3.1.1 Proxy Functionality
4.3.1.2 Service and Resource Discovery
4.3.2 A P2P-based Large-scale Service Discovery Architecture
4.3.2.1 Distributed Location Service
4.3.2.2 Distributed Geographic Table
4.3.2.3 An Architecture for Large-scale Service Discovery based on Peer-to-peer Technologies
4.3.3 Zeroconf-based Local Service Discovery for Constrained Environments
4.3.3.1 Architecture
4.3.3.2 Service Discovery Protocol
4.3.4 Implementation Results
4.3.4.1 Local Service Discovery
4.3.4.2 Large-scale Service Discovery
4.4 Lightweight Service Discovery in Low-power IoT Networks
4.4.1 Efficient Forwarding Protocol for Service Discovery
4.4.1.1 Multicast through Local Filtered Flooding
4.4.2 Efficient Multiple Unicast Forwarding
4.5 Implementation Results
5 Security and Privacy in the IoT
5.1 Security Issues in the IoT
5.2 Security Mechanisms Overview
5.2.1 Traditional vs Lightweight security
5.2.1.1 Network Layer
5.2.1.2 Transport Layer
5.2.1.3 Application Layer
5.2.2 Lightweight Cryptography
5.2.2.1 Symmetric-key LWC Algorithms
5.2.2.2 Public-key (Asymmetric) LWC Algorithms
5.2.2.3 Lightweight Cryptographic Hash Functions
5.2.2.4 Homomorphic Encryption Schemes
5.2.3 Key Agreement, Distribution, and Security Bootstrapping
5.2.3.1 Key Agreement Protocols
5.2.3.2 Shared Group-key Distribution
5.2.3.3 Security Bootstrapping
5.2.4 Processing Data in the Encrypted Domain: Secure Data Aggregation
5.2.5 Authorization Mechanisms for Secure IoT Services
5.3 Privacy Issues in the IoT
5.3.1 The Role of Authorization
5.3.2 IoT-OAS: Delegation-based Authorization for the Internet of Things
5.3.2.1 Architecture
5.3.2.2 Granting Access Tokens
5.3.2.3 Authorizing Requests
5.3.2.4 SP-to-IoT-OAS Communication: Protocol Details
5.3.2.5 Configuration
5.3.3 IoT-OAS Application Scenarios
5.3.3.1 Network Broker Communication
5.3.3.2 Gateway-based Communication
5.3.3.3 End-to-End CoAP Communication
5.3.3.4 Hybrid Gateway-based Communication
6 Cloud and Fog Computing for the IoT
6.1 Cloud Computing
6.2 Big Data Processing Pattern
6.3 Big Stream
6.3.1 Big-stream-oriented Architecture
6.3.2 Graph-based Processing
6.3.3 Implementation
6.3.3.1 Acquisition Module
6.3.3.2 Normalization Module
6.3.3.3 Graph Framework
6.3.3.4 Application Register Module
6.3.4 Performance Evaluation
6.3.5 Solutions and Security Considerations
6.4 Big Stream and Security
6.4.1 Graph-based Cloud System Security
6.4.2 Normalization after a Secure Stream Acquisition with OFS Module
6.4.3 Enhancing the Application Register with the IGS Module
6.4.4 Securing Streams inside Graph Nodes
6.5 Fog Computing and the IoT
6.6 The Role of the IoT Hub
6.6.1 Virtualization and Replication
6.6.1.1 The IoT Hub
6.6.1.2 Operational Scenarios
6.6.1.3 Synchronization Protocol
7 The IoT in Practice
7.1 Hardware for the IoT
7.1.1 Classes of Constrained Devices
7.1.2 Hardware Platforms
7.1.2.1 TelosB
7.1.2.2 Zolertia Z1
7.1.2.3 OpenMote
7.1.2.4 Arduino
7.1.2.5 Intel Galileo
7.1.2.6 Raspberry Pi
7.2 Software for the IoT
7.2.1 OpenWSN
7.2.2 TinyOS
7.2.3 FreeRTOS
7.2.4 TI-RTOS
7.2.5 RIOT
7.2.6 Contiki OS
7.2.6.1 Networking
7.2.6.2 Low-power Operation
7.2.6.3 Simulation
7.2.6.4 Programming Model
7.2.6.5 Features
7.3 Vision and Architecture of a Testbed for the Web of Things
7.3.1 An All-IP-based Infrastructure for Smart Objects
7.3.2 Enabling Interactions with Smart Objects through the IoT Hub
7.3.2.1 Integration Challenges
7.3.3 Testbed Access and Security
7.3.3.1 The Role of Authorization
7.3.4 Exploiting the Testbed: WoT Applications for Mobile and Wearable Devices
7.3.5 Open Challenges and Future Vision
7.4 Wearable Computing for the IoT: Interaction Patterns with Smart Objects in RESTful Environments
7.4.1 Shaping the Internet of Things in a Mobile-Centric World
7.4.2 Interaction Patterns with Smart Objects through Wearable Devices
7.4.2.1 Smart Object Communication Principles
7.4.2.2 Interaction Patterns
7.4.3 Implementation in a Real-world IoT Testbed
7.4.3.1 Future Vision: towards the Tactile Internet
7.5 Effective Authorization for the Web of Things
7.5.1 Authorization Framework Architecture
7.5.1.1 SystemOperations
7.5.2 Implementation and Validation
Reference
Index