In "Internet Censorship: A Reference Handbook", experts help readers understand these diverse views on Internet access and content viewing, revealing how both groups do what they do and why. The handbook shares key events associated with the Internet's evolution, starting with its beginnings and culminating in the present.;3. Perspectives: Hacktivism, cyber warriors, and censorship / Thomas J. Holt; Internet censorship and the European Union: external cohesiveness versus internal disharmony / Michael Johns; 30 years after Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four: pseudo-privacy online / Michael Bachmann; Cybersecurity is not censorship / Dorothy E. Denning; Between liberty and harmony: philosophical perspectives on censorship in the Age of the Internet / Alanda D. Theriault -- 4. Profiles: 2600: The Hacker quarterly; American Civil Liberties Union; Anonymous; Julian Assange (1971- ); Black Hat and DefCon hacker conferences; The Page-Brin Google, Inc. Team; Canada's Copyright Modernization Act of 2012 (Formerly Bill C-11); Cran Campbell (1949- ); Center for Internet and Society; Citizen Lab at the University of Toronto; Copyright Armageddon: 3D Printers; Electronic Frontier Foundation; Freedom House; William H. Gates (a.k.a Bill Gates) (1955- ); Iceland's Planned Internet Porn Ban; Steve Jobs (1955 / 2011) and Steve Wozniak ("The Woz") (1950- ); Liu Xiabo (1955- ) and Liu Xia (1959- ); Bradley Manning (a.k.a Chelsea 1988- ); OpenNet Initiative; Psiphon Software; Public Knowledge; Reporters Without Borders; Neda Salehi (1983 -- 2009); Yekaterina Samutsevich (1983- ).;"Covering topics ranging from web filters to laws aimed at preventing the flow of information, this book explores freedom--and censorship--of the Internet and considers the advantages and disadvantages of policies at each end of the spectrum"--;Preface -- Internet censorship -- 1. Background and history: Internet censorship defined; Censorship versus national security, and why there will never be total freedom of the press or a total lack of press and Internet censorship; Adequate information release by governments versus internet censorship: WikiLeaks, Manning, and Snowden; What the Internet is as compared to an intranet; The Internet's colorful history: Internet development, hacking exploits, and (eventually) concerns about Internet censorship; The global growth of Internet usage; Gaining authorized and unauthorized access to the Internet -- and how hacking may be related to Internet censorship; Online users' concerns about censorship and the general state of online censorship in 2012; Conclusion; References -- 2. Problems, controversies, and solutions: A look at PC, mobile phone, and Internet usage globally; Cultural and legal jurisdictional factors influencing the digital divide; The differences between freedom of information, Internet freedom, and Internet censorship; Recent trends in Internet censorship according to the Freedom on the Net 2012 report; Online activities in jurisdictions "under the microscope": their strong support for Internet openness and their hard-core tactics used to reinforce Internet censorship; The role of web filters and firewalls, business-government policies, and laws aimed at Internet censorship; The Internet's continuing evolution: a comparison of Internet censorship in 2005 and 2012; Key tactics that have restricted free speech and encouraged Internet censorship in countries in recent years; How can progress continue to be made in reducing Internet censorship? Conclusion; References.