International Environmental Law

✍ Scribed by Pierre-Marie Dupuy, Jorge E. Viñuales

• Publisher: Cambridge University Press
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 598
• Edition: second edition
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half-title page
Title page
Copyright page
Contents
List of Figures
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
List of Abbreviations
Table of Cases
Table of Treaties and Instruments
Part I Foundations
1 Emergence and Development of International Environmental Law
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Precedents
1.3 Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources
1.4 The Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment (1972)
1.5 The Rio Conference on Environment and Development (1992)
1.6 The World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002)
1.7 The Rio Summit (2012)
1.8 The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2015) and the Future of Global Environmental Governance
Select Bibliography
2 Main Features of International Environmental Law
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The ‘Environment’ as a Legal Object
2.2.1 Overview
2.2.2 Scientific Level
2.2.3 Legal Level
2.2.4 Operational Level
2.3 The Main Actors
2.3.1 From Challenges to Structures
2.3.2 International Structures and Actors
2.3.3 Transnational Environmental Governance
2.4 The Sources of International Environmental Law
2.4.1 The Prevalence of Treaties
2.4.2 The Role of Soft Law
2.4.3 Droit Dérivé
2.5 The Implementation of International Environmental Law
2.5.1 Overview
2.5.2 Incentive Mechanisms
2.5.3 Managing Scientific Uncertainty
2.5.4 Management of Non-compliance
2.6 The Legal Environment of International Environmental Law
Select Bibliography
3 The Principles of International Environmental Law
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Some Analytical Distinctions
3.3 Prevention in International Environmental Law
3.3.1 Introductory Observations
3.3.2 ‘No-harm’ Principle
3.3.3 The Principle of Prevention
3.3.4 Precaution in International Law
3.3.5 Cooperation, Notification, Consultation
3.3.6 Prior Informed Consent
3.3.7 Environmental Impact Assessment
3.4 Balance in International Environmental Law
3.4.1 Principles Expressing the Idea of Balance
3.4.1.1 The Polluter-pays Principle
3.4.1.2 The Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities
3.4.1.3 The Principle of Participation
3.4.1.4 The Principle of Inter-generational Equity
3.4.2 Concepts Expressing the Idea of Balance
3.4.2.1 Overview
3.4.2.2 Sustainable Development
3.4.2.3 Common Areas
3.4.2.4 Common Heritage of Mankind
3.4.2.5 Common Concern of Humankind
3.5 From Principles to Regulation
Select Bibliography
Part II Substantive Regulation
4 Oceans, Seas and Freshwater
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The International Regulation of the Marine Environment
4.2.1 Environmental Jurisdiction over Marine Areas
4.2.1.1 Overview
4.2.1.2 Territorial Sea
4.2.1.3 The Exclusive Economic Zone
4.2.1.4 The Continental Shelf
4.2.2 Protection of the Marine Environment: General Aspects
4.2.3 Regulation of Sources of Pollution
4.2.3.1 Overview
4.2.3.2 Pollution from Vessels
4.2.3.3 Dumping, Incineration and Marine Geo-engineering
4.2.3.4 Land-based Pollution
4.2.4 The Protection of Regional Seas
4.3 The International Regulation of Freshwater Resources
4.3.1 Structure of the Regulation
4.3.2 International Watercourses
4.3.3 Transboundary Aquifers
4.3.4 Iced Freshwater Resources
4.3.4.1 Overview
4.3.4.2 Antarctica
4.3.4.3 The Arctic
Select Bibliography
5 Protection of the Atmosphere
5.1 Introduction
5.2 ‘Local’ Transboundary Air Pollution
5.3 Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
5.3.1 Origins of the Regime
5.3.2 The LRTAP Convention
5.3.3 The Protocols to the LRTAP Convention
5.4 The Protection of the Ozone Layer
5.4.1 The Origins of the Regime
5.4.2 The Vienna Convention of 1985
5.4.3 The Montreal Protocol of 1987
5.4.4 The Kigali Amendment of 2016
5.5 Climate Change
5.5.1 Overview of the Problem
5.5.2 The Two Pillars of the Regime
5.5.3 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
5.5.4 The Kyoto Protocol of 1997
5.5.5 The Paris Agreement of 2015
5.5.5.1 International Negotiations Leading to the Paris Agreement
5.5.5.2 The Political Basis
5.5.5.3 The Architecture of the Paris Agreement
Select Bibliography
6 Species, Ecosystems and Biodiversity
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Regulatory Approaches
6.3 Protection of Species
6.3.1 Regulation of Exploitation: Fisheries
6.3.1.1 The UNCLOS
6.3.1.2 The Straddling Fish Stocks Agreement
6.3.1.3 The NAFO
6.3.1.4 The Whaling Convention
6.3.2 Regulation of Trade: CITES
6.3.2.1 The Structure of CITES
6.3.2.2 The Permits System
6.3.2.3 CITES in Practice
6.4 Protection of Spaces (Sites, Habitats, Ecosystems)
6.4.1 ‘Top-down’ and ‘Bottom-up’ Regulation
6.4.2 The ‘Top-down’ Approach: The Creation of Protected
6.4.2.1 The Protection of Wetlands: The Ramsar Convention
6.4.2.2 The Protection of World Heritage: The World Heritage Convention
6.4.2.3 Protection of the Antarctic Environment: The Madrid Protocol
6.4.3 The ‘Bottom-up’ Approach: The Convention to Combat Desertification
6.5 The Protection of Biodiversity
6.5.1 A Complex Regulatory Object
6.5.2 The Regulation of Biological Diversity
6.5.3 The Regulation of GMOs
6.5.4 Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing
6.5.4.1 The ‘Seed Wars’
6.5.4.2 The Role of International Law
6.5.5 Biodiversity beyond National Jurisdiction
Select Bibliography
7 Dangerous Substances and Activities
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Object and Structure of the International Regulatory Framework
7.3 Attempts to Develop a Global Regulatory Framework
7.3.1 The Political Impulsion
7.3.2 The Main Outcomes: The GHS and the SAICM
7.4 The Regulation of Specific Substances and Activities
7.4.1 Regulatory Objects and Techniques
7.4.2 The Regulation of Production and Use
7.4.2.1 The Regulation of Substances: The POP Convention
7.4.2.2 The Regulation of Activities: The Convention on Industrial Accidents
7.4.3 The Regulation of Trade: The PIC Convention
7.4.4 The Regulation of Waste: The Basel Convention
7.4.5 Integrated Approaches
7.4.5.1 Synergies between the Basel, PIC and POP Conventions
7.4.5.2 Integrated Regulation: Nuclear Energy
7.4.5.3 Integrated Regulation: Mercury
Select Bibliography
Part III Implementation
8 Implementation: Traditional Approaches
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Monitoring and Reporting
8.2.1 Types of Obligations
8.2.2 Types of Mechanisms
8.3 Dispute Settlement and Legal Consequences
8.3.1 Preliminary Remarks
8.3.2 International Environmental Adjudication
8.3.2.1 The Fora of International Environmental Law
8.3.2.2 Courts Specialising in Environmental Matters
8.3.2.3 Borrowed Fora
8.3.3 The Consequences of Environmental Damage
8.3.3.1 Types of Consequences
8.3.3.2 The International Responsibility of the State
8.3.3.3 The Liability of the Economic Operator
8.3.3.4 Assessment and Reparation of Environmental Damage
Select Bibliography
9 Implementation: New Approaches
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Techniques to Facilitate Compliance
9.2.1 Types of Techniques
9.2.2 Techniques Oriented towards Assistance
9.2.2.1 Financial Assistance
9.2.2.2 Technical Assistance
9.2.3 Techniques Oriented towards Efficiency (Renvoi)
9.3 Techniques to Manage Non-compliance
9.3.1 Non-compliance Procedures
9.3.2 The Legal Basis of NCPs and its
9.3.3 Triggering NCPs
9.3.4 Composition of NCP Organs
9.3.5 Measures Adopted by NCPs
Select Bibliography
Part IV International Environmental Law as a Perspective
10 Human Rights and the Environment
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Relationship between Human Rights and Environmental Protection
10.3 Synergies
10.3.1 Two Key Questions
10.3.2 Identifying Human Rights Provisions with Environmental Content
10.3.2.1 Some Analytical Distinctions
10.3.2.2 General Rights
10.3.2.3 Specifically Environmental Rights
10.3.3 The ‘Extent’ of Environmental Protection Afforded by Human Rights Instruments
10.3.3.1 Overview
10.3.3.2 The ‘Link’ Requirement
10.3.3.3 Mass Human Rights Claims: Who Speaks for the Environment?
10.3.3.4 Human Rights and Climate Change190
10.4 Conflicts
Select Bibliography
11 Environmental Dimensions of International Security
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Environment and the Law of War
11.2.1 The Environment and Armed Conflict
11.2.1.1 Overview
11.2.1.2 The Environment and Jus in Bello
11.2.1.3 Armed Conflict and Environmental Law54
11.2.1.4 Weapons as Pollutants
11.2.1.5 Current Codification Efforts
11.2.2 Environmental Dimensions of Recourse to War
11.2.2.1 Overview
11.2.2.2 Jus ad Bellum and Environmental Protection
11.2.2.3 Violations of Jus ad Bellum and Environmental Damage
11.3 Environmental Security in International Law
11.3.1 Preventing Environment-driven Conflict
11.3.2 Environmentally-induced Displacement
11.3.2.1 Circumscribing the Problem
11.3.2.2 Legal Response
11.3.3 Environmental Security in Post-conflict Settings
11.3.3.1 The Rise of Environmental Peacebuilding
11.3.3.2 Environmental Peacebuilding and Environmental Obligations
Select Bibliography
12 Environmental Protection and International Economic Law
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Foreign Investment and the Environment in International Law
12.2.1 Overview
12.2.2 Synergies
12.2.2.1 Instruments
12.2.2.2 Policy Processes
12.2.3 Conflicts
12.2.3.1 Normative Conflicts vs Legitimacy Conflicts
12.2.3.2 The Practice of Investment Tribunals41
12.2.3.3 Investment Treaty Practice
12.3 Environmental Protection and International Trade Law
12.3.1 Overview
12.3.2 Synergies
12.3.2.1 Mutual Supportiveness
12.3.2.2 Environmental Goods and Services
12.3.3 Conflicts
12.3.3.1 Normative Conflicts vs Legitimacy Conflicts
12.3.3.2 Multilateral Environmental Treaties and Trade Regulation
12.3.3.3 Environmental Protection in Practice
12.4 Environmental Protection and Intellectual Property Rights
12.4.1 Overview
12.4.2 Synergies
12.4.2.1 Approaches to International Patent Protection
12.4.2.2 Fast-tracking of Environmental Patents
12.4.2.3 IPRs Markets
12.4.3 Conflicts
12.4.3.1 The TRIPS Agreement and Environmental Protection
12.4.3.2 Interpreting the TRIPS Agreement
12.4.3.3 Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge: Proposed Amendments
Select Bibliography
Index