International Encyclopedia of Public Health (7 Volumes Set)

✍ Scribed by Stella R. Quah, William C Cockerham

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2017
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 4498
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

International Encyclopedia of Public Health, Second Edition, Seven Volume Set is an authoritative and comprehensive guide to the major issues, challenges, methods, and approaches of global public health. Taking a multidisciplinary approach, this new edition combines complementary scientific fields of inquiry, linking biomedical research with the social and life sciences to address the three major themes of public health research, disease, health processes, and disciplines.

This book helps readers solve real-world problems in global and local health through a multidisciplinary and comprehensive approach. Covering all dimensions of the field, from the details of specific diseases, to the organization of social insurance agencies, the articles included cover the fundamental research areas of health promotion, economics, and epidemiology, as well as specific diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and reproductive health.

Additional articles on the history of public health, global issues, research priorities, and health and human rights make this work an indispensable resource for students, health researchers, and practitioners alike.

Provides the most comprehensive, high-level, internationally focused reference work available on public health
Presents an invaluable resource for both researchers familiar with the field and non-experts requiring easy-to-find, relevant, global information and a greater understanding of the wider issues
Contains interdisciplinary coverage across all aspects of public health
Incorporates biomedical and health social science issues and perspectives
Includes an international focus with contributions from global domain experts, providing a complete picture of public health issues

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Volume 1
Front Cover
INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC HEALTH
INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC HEALTH
Copyright
EDITORIAL BOARD
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 1
GUIDE TO USING THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
Structure of the Encyclopedia
1. Alphabetical Contents List
2. Cross-references
3. Subject Classification List
4. Index
5. Contributors
SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION
Behavioral Factors in Public Health
Demography, Epidemiology and Public Health
Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology
Epidemiology and Public Policy
Epidemiology of Diseases
Ethical and Professional Issues in Epidemiology
Health Services
Health Systems
History of Epidemiology and Public Health
Methods and Measurement in Epidemiology
Public Health of Population Sub-Groups
Sexual and Reproductive Health
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
FOREWORD
CONTENTS OF ALL VOLUMES
A
Acute Care Hospitals
Adenoviruses
Adolescents
Agenda Setting in Public Health Policy
Aging: Nutrition and the Older Adults
Aging, Physical Activity, and Health
Agricultural Health and Safety
Alcohol Consumption: An Overview of International Trends
Alcohol Consumption: The Social and Economic Impacts
Alcohol Industry
Alcohol, Integrated Control of
Alcohol: Treatment
Alma-Ata and Primary Health Care: An Evolving Story
Anemia
Anthropological Perspectives in Bioethics
Anthropological Perspectives on the Health Transition
Antibiotic Development and Resistance
Antimicrobial Resistance in a One Health and One World Perspective – Mechanisms and Solutions
Arboviruses
Arms Control Measures
Arsenic
Asbestos
Asthma
Autoimmune Diseases
B
Bacterial Infections: Overview
Bacteriology, Historical
Bioaerosols
Biodiversity, Health Implications of
Biostatistics
Bladder Cancer
Blindness
Blood Transfusion Services
Botulism
Brain Tumors
Breast Cancer
Brucellosis
Burden of Disease and Injury Caused by Alcohol
Burns and Scalds
C
Cadmium
Canada, Health System of
Cancer and Senescence
Cancer Economics
Cancer Epidemiology
Cancer: Global Burden, Trends, and Projections
Cancer Mortality
Cancer Prevention
Cancer Screening: Theory and Applications
Cancer Survival
Carcinogens, Environmental
Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
Centers for Disease Control
Cerebrovascular Disease
Child Abuse/Treatment
Child Labor
Child Obesity and Health
Child Rights
Child Soldiers
Child Witness to Violence
Childhood Infectious Diseases: Overview
Children and Adolescents, Measuring the Quality of Life of
Children, Media and Health
Chlamydia (Trachoma and Sexually Transmitted Infections)
Volume 2
INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC HEALTH
Copyright
EDITORIAL BOARD
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 2
GUIDE TO USING THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
Structure of the Encyclopedia
1. Alphabetical Contents List
2. Cross-references
3. Subject Classification List
4. Index
5. Contributors
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2
Cholera and Other Vibrioses
Cholera (V. cholerae O1/O139)
‘Nonepidemic’ V. cholerae
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Vibrio vulnificus
References
Further Reading
Cholesterol and Lipids
Introduction
Cholesterol Metabolism and Its Role in Atherosclerosis
Determinants of Blood Cholesterol Concentration
Associations between Blood Cholesterol and Vascular Disease
Interventions to Reduce LDL Cholesterol
Burden of Disease Attributable to Blood Cholesterol
References
Chronic Disease Modeling
Why and When to Use Modeling
Chronic Disease
Public Health Impact of Chronic Diseases
A Basic Model
Research Question and Model Structure
Time
Model Implementation: Macrosimulation and Microsimulation
Population Models
Validation
Actual Models
References
Relevant Websites
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Introduction
Diseases Resulting in Irreversible Airflow Obstruction
Airflow Obstruction and Stages of COPD
Burden of COPD
Risk Factors for COPD
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Conclusion
References
Circulatory Diseases and Aging
Introduction
Data
Approaches to Data Analysis and Modeling
Discussion
References
Relevant Websites
Classic Concepts of Disease
Preliminaries Concerning the Logic of Medical Terminology
The Ontology of Disease
The Epistemology of Disease
The Axiology of Disease
Further Reading
Classification of Mental Disorders: Principles and Concepts
Introduction
ICD-10 System of Classification of Mental Disorders
Main Principles and Concepts for Classification of Mental Disorders
Future of Mental Health Classifications
References
Relevant Website
Clinical Epidemiology
Definitions of Clinical Epidemiology
A Brief History of Clinical Epidemiology
Typical Clinical Epidemiologic Investigations
Education Programs for Training Clinical Epidemiologists
Clinical Epidemiology's Detractors
The Current State of Clinical Epidemiology
Clinical Epidemiology and the Clinical Journals
Clinical Epidemiologic Contributions to Five Recent Evolutions
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Clinical Trials
Introduction
Trial Development
Conduct and Reporting of Trials
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Codes of Ethics in Public Health
Introduction
Origins of the Code of Ethics in Public Health
Codes of Ethics for Disciplines within Public Health
Ethics in Global Health
Research Ethics
Applications of the Public Health Code of Ethics
The Future of Public Health Codes of Ethics
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Colorectal Cancer
Epidemiology
Risk Factors and Causes
Pathogenesis
Screening
Diagnosis and Staging
Treatment
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Community Health Insurance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Defining an Elusive Concept
CHI in the Context of Universal Coverage
CHI in Africa
CHI in Asia
Which Future for CHI?
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Community Health Workers
History and Background
Issue One: Who is a CHW?
Issue Two: Can CHWs Be Both Service Extenders and Facilitators for Community Improvement?
Issue Three: What Training and Support Does the CHW Need?
Issue Four: Are CHW Programs Effective?
Issue Five: Are CHW Programs Sustainable?
Community Health Workers: The Way Forward?
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Community-Based Nutrition Programmes
What is Community-Based Nutrition Programming?
Process and System of Community-Based Programmes
Linking Community-Based Programmes to Service Delivery
Evidence for Community-Based Programmes
Reliance on Community Resources for Dietary Improvement
Goals and Impact of Community-Based Programmes
Policy and Investment for Scaling up Nutrition
Conclusion
References
Comparative Health Systems
Introduction
Methods in Comparative Health Systems
Variation of Health Systems and Their Performance
Criticism of Comparative Analysis of Health Systems
References
Further Reading
Comparative Risk Assessment
Diseases and Risk Factors
Quantifying the Burden of Disease Attributable to Risk Factors
Burden of Disease Attributable to Multiple Risk Factors
Attributable and Avoidable Disease Burden
Global and Regional Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Risk Factors
Conclusions
References
Relevant Websites
Competition in Health Care
Principles of Competition
Physician Competition
Hospital Competition
Competition among Health Insurers
Pharmaceutical Competition
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Compression of Morbidity
Introduction
Historical Perspectives on Population Health
Compression of Mortality – Is It Occurring?
Compression of Morbidity – Is It Occurring?
Conclusion
References
Consumerism: Overview
Introduction
What Is Consumerism?
Conclusion – Future of Consumerism in Health Care
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Contaminants Associated with Drinking Water
Water Pollution
Regulations
Waterborne Disease Outbreaks
Emerging Water Contaminants
Pollution Control and Water Treatment
References
Coronary Heart Disease
Burden of Disease
Time Trends and Regional Variation
Risk Factors for CHD
Incidence and Case Fatality of CHD
Triggering Factors
Circadian, Weekly, and Seasonal Variation
Prevention of CHD
References
Further Reading
Corruption and the Consequences for Public Health
What Is Corruption?
Effects of Corruption on Health
Causes of Corruption
Preventing Corruption
Anticorruption and Health Reform
Steps for the Future
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Cost-Influenced Treatment Decisions and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Introduction
Theoretical Framework of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Practice
Concluding Remarks
References
Further Reading
Cultural Competence in Public Health
Background
Cultural Influences
Cultural Competence
Cultural Competence Continuum
Essential Elements of Cultural Competence
Cultural Competence in Public Health and Health Promotion
Barriers and Enablers for Culturally Competent Health Promotion and Public Health Research
Enablers
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Cultural Contexts of Reproductive Health
Introduction
History of Anthropological Research on Human Reproduction
Biological Anthropology and the Study of Human Reproduction
Structural–Materialist Anthropology and the Study of Human Reproduction
Sociocultural Anthropology and the Study of Human Reproduction
Public Health and the Anthropology of Reproduction
Future Research
References
Further Reading
Cultural Epidemiology
Introduction
Early Schools of Epidemiology and Their Past and Present Relevance to Cultural Epidemiology
The Relationship between Technology, Epidemiology, and Anthropology
Contemporary Challenges
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Cultural Factors Influencing Therapeutic Practice
Introduction
Disease Explanatory Models
The Meaning of Traditional Medicines and Therapeutic Outcomes
Complex Therapeutic Landscapes: Medicines That Overlap Other Contexts
Psychotropic Medicines
Contemporary International Public Health Issues
Further Reading
Cultural Issues and Linguistic Complications in Health Communication
The ‘Culture’ in Cultural Issues and Health Communication
Defining Health Communication
Linguistic Complications in Health Communication
Language of Health Communication in Clinical Encounters
Health Communication and the Issue of (Non)Referentiality in Clinical Encounters
Sociolinguistic Practices in Clinical Encounters As Cultural Issues in Health Communication
Cultural Issues and Linguistic Complications in Risk Communication
Culture in Public Health Communication in Crisis Situations
Culture and Language in Environmental Health Communication
Language and Culture in Emergency/Disaster Communication
Linguistic Complications in Health and Nutrition Communication
Health Communication on the Internet and Social Media
Addressing Cultural Issues and Linguistic Complications in Health Communication
References
Cystic Fibrosis
Further Reading
D
Decision Analytic Modeling
Demand for Health Care
Demography, Epidemiology, and Public Health
Demography of Aging
Dengue
Dental Epidemiology
Determinants of National Health Expenditure
Diabetes Mellitus, Epidemiology
Diabetes Mellitus Prevention
Diabetes Mellitus Treatment
Diet and Cancer
Diet and Heart Disease
Diphtheria
Disability and Rehabilitation
Disasters and Emergency Planning
Disease Classification
Disease Prevention: An Overview
Drinking Water and Sanitation
Drowning
Drugs, Illicit – Primary Prevention Strategies
Dynamics of the Health-Care Labor Markets
E
East Asia and Pacific States, Health Systems of
Ebola and Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Economic Models of Hospital Behavior
Ectoparasites
Educational Attainment and Health: Survival
Effective Alcohol Policy
Elder Abuse
Emergence of Novel Human Infections: New Insights and New Challenges
Emergency Medical Technicians
Endocrine Diseases: Overview
Energy Use, Health Implications of
Enteroviruses
Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology
Environmental Health: Overview
Environmental Justice and Health
Environmental Protection Laws
Epidemic Investigation
Epidemiology, Historical
Epidemiology of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Epidemiology of Vitamin C
Equity in Health Financing
Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Issues
Escherichia coli
Esophageal Cancer
Essential Drugs Policy
Volume 3
INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC HEALTH
Copyright
EDITORIAL BOARD
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 3
GUIDE TO USING THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
Structure of the Encyclopedia
1. Alphabetical Contents List
2. Cross-references
3. Subject Classification List
4. Index
5. Contributors
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 3
Ethics and Health Promotion
Introduction
Foundational Issues for Health Promotion Ethics
Ethical Dimensions of Health Promotion Strategies
Harms, Burdens, and Wrongs in Health Promotion
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Ethics of Immunization
Immunization Programs and Tensions between Collective and Individual Perspectives
New Vaccines, New Ethical Questions
Serious Public Health Problems
Safety
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis and Considerations of Justice
Should Vaccination Be Compulsory?
Conclusion
Further Reading
Ethics of Infectious Disease Control
Introduction
Respecting Rights versus Promoting Public Health
Consent
Mandatory Vaccination
Mandatory Treatment
Quarantine
Infectious Disease and Social Justice
Public Health Emergencies
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Ethics of Organ Transplants
Introduction
Cadaveric Organ Procurement
Living Related and Nonrelated Organ Donation
Alternative Proposals for Procurement
Allocation
Alternatives to Organ Procurement and Transplantation
References
Further Reading
Ethics of Public Health Research: Moral Obligations to Communities
Introduction
Key Ethical Issues
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Ethics of Screening
Introduction
Definition
Three General Challenges: Costs, False Results, and the Individual – Population Tension
Target Groups
Wilson and Jungner: Traditional Criteria Requiring Ethical Backup
Voluntariness and Informed Consent
Public Dimensions of the Ethics of Screening
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Ethnic Conflict and Public Health
Introduction
Defining Terms and Concepts
Some Examples
Political Science and Sociological Theories of Ethnic Conflict: 1960s to 1980s
Analyzing Ethnic Conflict from an Anthropological Perspective
Gendered Aspects of Ethnic Conflict
Ethnic Conflict as an International Problem: 1980s to the Present
Resolving Ethnic Conflicts and the International Community
References
Further Reading
Euthanasia and Public Health
Introduction
Conceptual Framework for End-of-Life Practices
Assessment and Monitoring of End-of-Life Practices
Evaluating the Practice of Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide
Mapping and Evaluating Regulation of Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide
Conclusion
References
Evidence-Informed Public Health Policy
Why the Interest in Evidence-Informed Public Health Policy?
Transitioning from the Idea of Evidence-Based to Evidence-Informed Public Health Policy
What Evidence Is Required for Public Health Policy?
How Does Evidence Get Taken up in the Policy Process?
Why Does Evidence Not Always Get Taken up (or Why Are Public Health Policies Not Always Evidence-Informed)?
Building Bridges Across Sectors for Effective Evidence-Informed Policy
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Exercise Therapy for Heart Failure Patients in Canada
Keypoints
Introduction
Incidence of HF in Canada
Treatment Recommendations for HF in Canada
Treatment Recommendations for Use of Exercise Therapy in HF Patients
Summary
References
Relevant Websites
Extreme Weather Events and Human Health
Introduction
Temperature Extremes and Impacts on Human Health
Extreme Precipitation Events and Impacts on Human Health
Extreme Events and Emergency Preparedness
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
F
Facility-Based Treatment of Severe Malnutrition
Falls
Family Planning/Contraception
Famine
Fatty Acids
Female Reproductive Physiology/Function
Fetal Growth Restriction: Causes and Outcomes
Food Fortification
Food Safety
Foodborne Diseases
Forced Migration and Health
Foundations in Public Health Ethics
Foundations in Public Health Law
Functions and Deficiencies of B-Vitamins (and Their Prevention)
Future Organization of Cancer Care
G
Gastric Cancer
Gastrointestinal Disorders: Overview
Gender Aspects of Sexual and Reproductive Health
Gender in Health and Illness
Genetic Epidemiology
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Public Health
Global Burden of Disease
Global Health Law: International Law and Public Health Policy
Global Issues: Urban Health in Developing Countries
Global Tobacco Industry
Global Trends in Cardiovascular Disease
Governance Issues in Health Financing
Gynecological Morbidity
H
Happiness, Health and Altruism
Hazardous Wastes
Head Trauma
Health and Disease, Concepts of
Health and Human Rights: Overview
Health Behavior and Risk Factors
Health Care of Indigenous Peoples/Nations
Health Inequalities
Health Information on the Internet
Health Insurance Plans and Programs: An Overview
Health Literacy
Health Policy: Overview
Health Promotion
Health Surveys
Health Systems of Australia and New Zealand
Health Systems of Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean
Health Systems: United States, Health System of the
Health Technology Assessment: Ethical, Legal and Social Issues
Health-Care Delivery Systems
Health-Related Stigma
Hearing Disorders
Heart Failure
Helicobacter pylori
Helminthic Diseases: Dracunculiasis
Helminthic Diseases: Echinococcosis
Helminthic Diseases: Filariasis
Helminthic Diseases: Foodborne Trematode Infections
Helminthic Diseases: Intestinal Nematode Infections
Helminthic Diseases: Onchocerciasis and Loiasis
Helminthic Diseases: Schistosomiasis
Helminthic Diseases: Taeniasis and Cysticercosis due to Taenia solium
Helminthic Diseases: Trichinellosis and Other Helminthic Tissue Helminthic Infections
Hepatitis, Viral
Herpesviruses
Volume 4
INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC HEALTH
Copyright
EDITORIAL BOARD
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 4
GUIDE TO USING THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
Structure of the Encyclopedia
1. Alphabetical Contents List
2. Cross-references
3. Subject Classification List
4. Index
5. Contributors
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 4
Historical and Sociocultural Context of Psychoactive Substance Use
Historical Roots
Social Group and the Influence of Peers
Ethnicity
Occupation
Family and Home
Community as Risk Environment
Conclusions
References
History of Malaria and Its Control
Humans and Malaria
Malaria as Known to the Ancients
Middle Ages and the Renaissance
The Beginnings of a Scientific Understanding of Malaria
The Turn of the Twentieth Century to World War I
Advances after World War I to World War II
World War II and Progress in the Fight against Malaria
The Era of Hope after World War II
The Great Malaria Eradication Campaign
Disillusionment and Abandonment
New Beginnings and Hope for Peaceful Coexistence
The Era of Molecular Biology and Vaccine Development
The Future of Malaria and Its Control
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
History of Public Health during Colonialism
Introduction
Infectious Disease and Its Control
Tropical Medicine
Health and Missions
Maternal and Infant Welfare
Health Education and Promotion
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
History of Public Health in the Ancient World
Early Public Health and Early Hygiene
Motives Behind Ancient Public Health
Health and the Public in Ancient Greece
Roman Public Health
References
HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Influence of HIV on TB
Influence of TB on HIV
Treatment of TB in HIV-Infected Individuals
Global Control of TB and HIV
Special Populations: Congregate Settings
Conflict and HIV/TB Spread
Urban Slums as TB Reservoirs
Conclusion
References
Relevant Websites
HIV/AIDS of the Central Nervous System
Introduction
Stages of Neurological Complications of HIV
Focal Brain Lesions
Cerebral Toxoplasmosis
CNS Tuberculosis
Primary CNS Lymphoma
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
Diffuse Brain Disease
HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder
Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis
CNS Cryptococcal Infection
Neurosyphilis
Spinal Cord Disorders
HIV-Associated Myelopathy
Focal Myelopathies
Conclusions
References
Relevant Websites
HIV Prevention and Treatment in Children and Adolescents
Introduction
Care and Treatment for HIV-Positive Pregnant Women
HIV-Exposed Infants
Pediatric HIV Infection
HIV Prevention in Adolescents
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
HIV Safety Guidelines
Introduction
Universal Precautions
Compliance with Universal Precautions
Conclusions
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Home Care
Models and Definitions of Home Care
Hospitals and Home Care
Health-Care Costs
Quality and Safe Patient Care
Benefits of Home Care
Carer Burden
Health Professionals in the Home
Evidence for Acute Home Practice
Future of Home Care
Conclusion
References
Hospice and Palliative Care
Hospice and Palliative Care and Public Health Challenges
Definitions and Approaches
International Challenges
The Knowledge Base
Recent Developments
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Human Exposure Science
Definition
Background and History of the Field
The Fundamentals of Human Exposure Science
Measurements of Human Exposure
Summary
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Human Health Risk Assessment
Introduction
Risk Assessment in the United States
Risk Assessment Methods
Basic Risk Calculations
Identifying Hazards
Exposure Assessment
Dose–Response Assessment
Toxicology for Risk Assessment
Epidemiology for Risk Assessment
Uncertainty and Variability in Risk Assessment
Innovations
Cumulative Risk Assessment
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Human Resources for Oral Health and Dentistry
Human Resources for Oral Health and Dentistry
Development of Dentistry
Dentistry: A Profession
Global HROH
Specialization
Development of the Wider Dental Team
Education and Training of HROH
Contemporary Dental Care
Public Health Challenges for Dentistry
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Humanitarian Response to Complex Emergencies and Natural Disasters
Introduction
Complex Emergencies (CEs)
Natural Disasters
Response to CEs
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Huntington's Disease
History of Huntington's Disease
Cause of Huntington's Disease
Diagnosis
Inheritance Pattern
Screening
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Assessment
Future Perspectives
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Hypertension
Introduction
Hypertension and End Organ Damage
Pathogenesis of Hypertension
Strategies for Prevention and Treatment
Hypertension in Specific Groups
Conclusion
References
Relevant Website
I
Illicit Drugs: Patterns of Use, Dependence, and Contribution to Disease Burden in Developed Countries
Illicit Drug Trends Globally
Illicit Psychoactive Substance Use and Harm Prevention
Immunization
Indoor Air Pollution: Developing Countries
Infant Malnutrition: Breastfeeding
Infant Mortality
Infectious Disease Surveillance
Infertility, An Overview
Influenza
Influenza, Historical
Injury Epidemiology
Innovative Financing for Health Promotion: A Global Review and Thailand Case Study
Integrative, Traditional and Complementary Medicine
Interest Groups and Civil Society in Public Health Policy
International Classification Systems for Health
International Dietary Guidelines
International Perspectives on Resource Allocation
Intestinal Infections: Overview
Iodine Deficiency and Its Prevention
Iron Deficiency and Its Prevention
J
Japan, Health System of
K
Kidney Diseases
L
Land Use/Land Change and Health
Late Life Cognitive Disorders
Latin American Social Medicine
Lead Hazards and Poisoning
Legal Issues in Public Health
Leprosy
Leprosy, Historical
Leukemia
Life Expectancy Measurements
Literacy and Public Health
Liver Cancer
Long Term Care for Aging Populations
Long Term Care in Health Services
Longevity of Specific Populations
Long-Term Care Organization and Financing
Lung Cancer
Lung Diseases, Occupational
Lupus Erythematosus: Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Manifestations
Lyme Disease
Lymphomas
M
Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, Health Systems of
Male Reproductive Function
Managed Care
Maternal Health Services
Maternal Mortality and Morbidity
Measles
Measurement and Modeling of Health-Related Quality of Life
Measurement and Modeling: Infectious Disease Modeling
Measurement and Valuation of Health for Economic Evaluation
Measurement of Psychiatric and Psychological Disorders and Outcomes in Populations
Meat Consumption and Cancer
Meat Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease
Volume 5
INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC HEALTH
Copyright
EDITORIAL BOARD
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 5
GUIDE TO USING THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
Structure of the Encyclopedia
1. Alphabetical Contents List
2. Cross-references
3. Subject Classification List
4. Index
5. Contributors
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 5
Media and Health
Introduction
Three Models of Communication
The Media–Medicine Interface
Cozy Relationships: An Internalist View
Cozy Relationships: An Externalist View
Active Audiences
Health Policy and the Media
Concluding Comments
References
Further Reading
Medical Pluralism
Definitions
Critique of the Notion of a Medical System
Rational Behaviors of Seeking for Health or Treatment Choices Based on Taste?
The Marxist Critique of Pluralism
Deconstructing the Monolithic Medicine
Medical Landscapes?
References
Further Reading
Medical Sciences and Technology in Socio-Cultural Context
Introduction
Positioning the Social Analysis of Science and Technology
Methods and Goals in the Social Analysis of Science and Technology
The Biomedical Model and Technology
Medicine and Technology in Sociocultural Perspective
Producing Social Relations
Perspectives and Prospects
References
Further Reading
Meningitis, Bacterial
Introduction
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Lumbar Puncture
Antimicrobial Therapy
Adjunctive Corticosteroid Therapy
Complications
Outcome
References
Relevant Websites
Menopause
Introduction
Types of Menopause
Effects of Menopause
Symptoms
Physical Effects
Hormone Replacement Therapy
Alternative Treatments
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Mental Health and Physical Health (Including HIV/AIDS)
Introduction
Historical Development of an Integrated Model
Health Conditions
Chronic Pain
HIV/AIDS and Mental Health
Cardiovascular Disease
Cancer
Diabetes
Somatic Symptoms Associated with Mental Illness
Health and Behavior Change
Conclusion and Implications
References
Further Reading
Mental Health and Substance Abuse
Introduction
Mental Health Service Organization
Variables Influencing Service Organization and Provision
Changing the Paradigm – Important Roles of Training, Policy, and Legislation
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Mental Health Epidemiology (Psychiatric Epidemiology)
Overview
Methods
Studies and Results
Future Needs
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Mental Health Etiology: Biological and Genetic Determinants
Introduction
Behavioral Genetic Methods and Principles
General Familial and Genetic Factors Implicated in Mental Disorders
Molecular Genetic Methods and Principles
Specific Chromosomal Loci and Genes Implicated in Psychiatric Disorders
Recommendations for Future Research
References
Further Reading
Mental Health Etiology: Social Determinants
Historical Background
Stress Models of Psychopathology
Social Risk Factors for Mental Disorders
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Mental Health, Morbidity and Impact
Burden of Mental Disorders
Prevalence
Comorbidity
Child and Adolescent Mental Health
Disability and Functional Limitation
Determinants and Course of Disability in Mental Disorder
Quality of Life
Economic Cost
Impact on Caregivers
Mortality
Suicide and Accidental Deaths
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Mental Health Policy
Why Do We Need Mental Health Policy?
What Is a Mental Health Policy?
How Can Policy Impact on the Mental Health of Populations?
The Need for Locally Tailored Solutions
Common Policy Aims
Common Policy Components
Policy Partnerships Outside the Health Sector
Key Cross-Cutting Issues
Legislation
Policy Partnerships within the Health Sector
Key Service Provision Issues
Public Health Measures
Reduction in Mortality from Physical Illness in Mentally Ill People
Implementation of Policy
The Facilitating Role of International Agencies in Stimulating Policy Development
Conclusions
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Mental Health Promotion
Introduction
Mental Health Promotion across Cultures
Determinants of Mental Health
Mental Health Promotion and the Prevention and Treatment of Illnesses
Evidence for Mental Health Promotion
A Public Health Framework for Mental Health Promotion
Conclusions
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Mental Illness, Historical Views of
Reading the Past from the Present: Three Main Starting Points
Madness and Misery before Psychiatry
Mental Illness and Psychiatry
The Controversial Legacy of Mental Illness
References
Mercury
Chemistry
Sources of Exposure
Environmental Exposures
Metabolic Fate in the Body
Adverse Health Effects
Prevention
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Meta-analysis
General Aspects
Background for a Meta-Analysis Protocol
Statistical Methods: Heterogeneity
Statistical Methods: Combining Binary and Dichotomous Data
Bias
Meta-Regression
Cumulative Meta-Analysis and Recursive Cumulative Meta-Analysis
Network (Multiple Treatment Comparison) Meta-Analysis
Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data
Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Quality and Reporting of Meta-Analyses
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Metabolic Myopathies
Background
General Features of the Disorders and Inheritance
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Testing
Treatment
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Migraine Update
The Clinical Picture
Epidemiology and Genetics
The Burden of Migraine
Diagnosis
Preventive Therapy
Specific Situations
The Next Frontier in Migraine Therapeutics
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Military Health Issues
Introduction
Environmental and Occupational Health Hazard Issues Surrounding Military Service during Peacetime or Garrison Duty
Occupational and Environmental Health Hazard Issues Pertaining to Mobilization and Deployment
Longer-Term Health Issues
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Multiple Sclerosis
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Pathology
Immunopathogenesis
Physiology
Clinical Course
Signs and Symptoms
Clinical Presentations
Diagnosis and Diagnostic Criteria of MS
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Evoked Potentials
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Additional Immunological Biomarkers
Therapy of MS
Treatment of Acute Deterioration/Relapses of MS
Preventive Long-Term Immunotherapy of MS
Controversial or Less-Proven Preventive Immunotherapies
Combination Immunotherapy
New Generation of Immunotherapies
Stem Cells Therapies
Symptomatic Treatments
Acknowledgment
References
Mumps
Clinical Description
Virology
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Prevention
Surveillance
References
Muscular Dystrophies
Introduction
Dystrophinopathies
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy
Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
Laminin 2 (Merosin) Deficiency
Fukuyama Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
Muscle Eye Brain Disease
Walker-Warburg Syndrome
Congenital Muscular Dystrophy 1C
Congenital Muscular Dystrophy 1D
Ullrich Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
Rigid Spine Syndrome
Integrin Seven Deficiency
Marinesco-Sjögren Syndrome
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies
Calpainopathy
Dysferlinopathy (LGMD2B)
Sarcoglycanopathies
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy 2G
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy 2H
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy 2I
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy 2J
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy 2K
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy 1A
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy 1B
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy 1C
Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy
References
Further Reading
Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease: Buruli Ulcer
Introduction
History
Epidemiology
Transmission
Biology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Antibiotic Therapy
Pregnant Patients
HIV Coinfected Patients
Wound Care and Surgery
Experimental Treatments
Complications
Prevention of Disability
Prevention and Control
References
N
National Health Systems: A Historical Overview
Natural Disasters
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
New Public Health
New Technologies: Ethics of Genomics
New Technologies: Ethics of Stem Cell Research
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Nurses
Nutrition and HIV
O
Obesity/Overweight: Health Consequences
Observational Epidemiology
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Occupational Death/Injury Rates
Occupational Health: Overview
Occupational Injuries and Work Place Violence
One Health Central and Eastern Africa: Historical and Future Perspectives
Oral Cancer
Organohalogen Pollutants and Human Health
Outdoor Air Pollution: Sources, Atmospheric Transport, and Human Health Effects
Ovarian Cancer
Overweight and Obesity: Prevention and Weight Management
P
Pancreatic Cancer
Parasitic Diseases, an Overview
Parkinson's Disease
Patient Empowerment in Health Care
Pediatric Cancers
Peoples Health Movement
Perinatal Epidemiology
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Pesticides
Physical Activity and Health
Plague, Historical
Planning, for Public Health Policy
Pneumonia
Poliomyelitis
Poliomyelitis, Historical
Politics, and Public Health Policy Reform
Population Growth
Populations at Special Health Risk: Children: Children's Mental Health Services
Populations at Special Health Risk: Displaced Populations
Populations at Special Health Risk: Homeless
Populations at Special Health Risk: Incarcerated
Populations at Special Health Risk: Indigenous Populations
Populations at Special Health Risk: Men
Populations at Special Health Risk: Migrants
Populations at Special Health Risk: Rural Populations
Populations at Special Health Risk: Women
Populations at Special Health Risk: Workers
Volume 6
INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC HEALTH
Copyright
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 6
EDITORIAL BOARD
GUIDE TO USING THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
Structure of the Encyclopedia
1. Alphabetical Contents List
2. Cross-references
3. Subject Classification List
4. Index
5. Contributors
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 6
Preventing Uptake of Smoking
Introduction
The Misguided Past
Emerging Evidence
The Way Forward
References
Primary Health Care
Introduction
The Alma Ata Declaration: Background, Focus, and Implications
A Balance Sheet of PHC Implementation: Context and Progress
The Revitalization of Primary Health Care
Conclusions
References
Principles: Mental Health Resources and Services
Introduction
Burden of Mental Disorders
Public Health Approach to Mental Health
Mental Health at the International Level
Current State of Mental Health Resources in the World
National Policies and Legislation on Mental Health
Resources for Mental Health Services
Current Emphases in Psychiatric Care
Conclusions and Future Directions
Acknowledgment
References
Principles of Infectious Diseases: Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control
Introduction
The Epidemiological Triad: Agent–Host–Environment
Transmission Basics
Dynamics of Infectious Diseases within Populations
Infectious Disease Diagnosis
Infectious Disease Control and Prevention
Concluding Remarks
References
Principles: Stigma
Introduction
Definitions of Stigma
Categorical versus Dimensional Definitions of Stigma
Models of How Stigma Is Experienced by the Individual
How Stigma Affects Health and Recovery from Illness
Intervening with Stigma: Antistigma Campaigns
New Directions: Scientific Advances and Stigma
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Prostate Cancer
Introduction
Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology
Diagnosis, Screening, and Treatment
Variation in Incidence and Mortality
Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer
Other Factors
Future Prospects
References
Further Reading
Protozoan Diseases: African Trypanosomiasis
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment Follow-Up
Control
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Protozoan Diseases: Amebiasis
A Deadly Parasitic Disease
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Immunity
Diagnosis
What Are the Symptoms of Amebic Colitis?
How Does a Patient with Amebic Liver Abscess Present?
How Should Amebiasis Be Treated?
Future
References
Further Reading
Protozoan Diseases: Chagas Disease
Introduction
Epidemiologic Components
Prevention and Control Activities
Care of People and Levels of Prevention
References
Protozoan Diseases: Cryptosporidiosis, Giardiasis, and Other Intestinal Protozoan Diseases
Cryptosporidiosis
Cyclosporiasis
Cystoisosporiasis
Sarcocystis
Giardiasis
Dientamoeba
Nonpathogenic Amebas
References
Protozoan Diseases: Leishmaniasis
Introduction
General Epidemiology of Leishmaniasis
Geographical Distribution
Risk Factors
Control Strategies
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Protozoan Diseases: Malaria Clinical Features, Management, and Prevention
Clinical Features
Prevention
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Protozoan Diseases: Toxoplasmosis
Introduction
Toxoplasma gondii Infections in Humans: Historical Perspective
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection
Toxoplasma gondii Genotypes in Human Toxoplasmosis
Risk Factors for Infection with Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasma gondii Infection in the Pregnant Women and Newborn Child
Acquired Toxoplasma gondii Infection in the Immunocompetent Individual
Infection with Toxoplasma gondii and Neuropsychiatric Illness
Immunocompromised Patients
Treatment of Toxoplasma gondii Infections
Prevention of Toxoplasmosis
Conclusion
References
Provider Payment Methods and Incentives
Information Used for Provider Payment
Breadth of the Payment System
Fineness of the Payment System
Generosity of Payments
Country Comparisons
Market Structure, Provider Competition, Outcomes, and Costs
Incentives
Performance-Based Payment Systems
Trends for the Future
References
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Puberty
Definition
Physiological Changes
Secular Trends
Variation Within the Normal Range
Abnormal Pubertal Development
Disorders of Sexual Development
Conclusions
References
Further Reading
Public and Consumer Participation in Policy and Research
Public Health, Politics, and Science
Interventions for and with the Public
Evidence-Informed Public Health
Evidence-Informed Participatory Approaches to Public Health
Who Is Participating?
Individual and Collective Participation
Forums and Methods for Participation
Principles of Participation
Participation in Practice
Participation in What?
Assessing Health Needs
Developing and Assessing Solutions
Assessing How Solutions Operate
Making Change Happen
Research/Service Cycles
Accumulation and Interpretation of Knowledge
Does Participation Work?
Making Public Participation in Public Health Happen
Acknowledgment
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Public Health and Epidemiology: Prevention and Surveillance of Health Risks
History and Definition of Public Health and Epidemiology
Methods of Investigation in Public Health
Main Advances in Public Health and Epidemiology
Current and Future Challenges in Public Health
References
Public Health and Law Enforcement Regulation of Drugs and Drug Use
Introduction
Historical Overview
Current Situation: Drug Use and Harms
Contemporary Drug Policy – Public Health or Law Enforcement?
Issues for Debate
Conclusion
References
Relevant Websites
Public Health and the Harm Reduction Approach to Illegal Psychoactive Substances
Introduction – Shifting Sands
Harms of Drug Use and Harms and Failures of Drug Prohibition
Determinants of Benefits and Harms of Psychoactive Substances
The Public Health Approach
Transitioning from Prohibition
Implications and Conclusion
References
Public Health Approaches to Dying, Death, and Loss
Introduction
Demographic and Epidemiological Background
Principles of Health Promotion
Health-Promoting Palliative Care
Community Action
Barriers and Challenges
The Future
References
Further Reading
Public Health Dimensions of Disability
Introduction
Definition of Disability
Models of Disability
Medical/Social Models of Disability
Disability in Developed and Developing Nations
Older People with Disabilities
Working-Aged People with Disabilities
Children with Disabilities
Health Disparities
Health Promotion Interventions for People with Disabilities
Training
Conclusion
References
Public Health Law and Public Health Policy
Introduction
What is Public Health Law?
Public Health Policy
The Relationship between Public Health Law and Public Health Policy
Examples of the Public Health Law and Policy as Dual Mechanisms for Public Health
The Limits of Law in the Implementation of Public Health Policy
Supranational and International Public Health Law and Policy
Other Important Actors
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Public Health Professionals
Explanation of Terms
Development of Public Health as a Profession
Positioning Public Health Professionals in the Overall Health Workforce
Education and Training of Public Health Professionals
Formal Academic Programs
Informal Training
Continuing Public Health Education
Careers in Public Health
Emerging Roles of Public Health Professionals
Looking Ahead
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Public/Private Mix in Health Systems
General Considerations
Public–Private Partnerships in Health Care
Examples of Public–Private Mixes
Privatization of Public Health
Problems and Difficulties Encountered in Mixing Private and Public
References
Relevant Websites
Q
Quality Adjusted Life Years
Quarantine through History
R
Rabies
Race, Human Variation, and Health, the Interaction of
Racism and Health
Radiation Therapy
Re-emerging Diseases: Overview
Relief Operations
Religion and Healing
Reproductive Ethics: Ethical Issues and the Menopause
Reproductive Ethics: New Reproductive Technologies
Reproductive Ethics: Perspectives on Contraception and Abortion
Reproductive Health: Sexually Transmitted Infections – Overview
Reproductive Rights
Resource Allocation: Justice and Resource Allocation in Public Health
Respiratory Diseases: Overview
Respiratory Infections, Acute
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Review of Health Systems of the Middle East and North Africa Region
Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease
Rhinoviruses
Rickettsia
Risk Communication
Risk Factors
Road Traffic Injuries
Role of the State in Public Health Policy
Rubella
Russia and Former USSR, Health Systems of
S
Salmonella
Scandinavia, Health Systems of
School Health Promotion
Schools of Public Health
Secondhand Smoke
Seizure Disorders
Serial and Mass Murderers
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Sexual and Reproductive Health: Overview
Sexual Violence
Shigellosis
Sick Building Syndrome
Sickle-Cell Disease
Skin Diseases (Noncancerous)
Sleep Disorders
Smallpox
Smoking Cessation
Smoking, The Burden of Mortality of
Social and Cultural Perspectives on Ecology and Health
Social Determinants of Health, the United Nations Commission of
Social Dimensions of Epidemics
Social Dimensions of Infectious Diseases
Social Epidemiology
Social Gradients and Child Health
Social Science Contributions to Public Health: Overview
Sociocultural Construction of Medical Knowledge
Volume 7
INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC HEALTH
Copyright
EDITORIAL BOARD
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 7
GUIDE TO USING THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
Structure of the Encyclopedia
1. Alphabetical Contents List
2. Cross-references
3. Subject Classification List
4. Index
5. Contributors
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 7
South Asia, Health Systems of
Introduction
Health Status of the Population
Status of Underlying Determinants of Health
Health Systems in South Asia
Health Systems Performance
Issues and Challenges Facing South Asia's Health Systems
Conclusion
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Southeastern Europe, Health Systems of
Introduction to Southeast Europe
Health Indicators in SEE Countries
Lifestyle Factors
Health-Care Reforms in SEE
Health-Care Financing
Health-Care Expenditure and Affordability of Services
Health-Care Organization
Health-Care Personnel
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Specific Mental Health Disorders: Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders
Introduction
Etiology
Public Health Significance
Interventions for Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders
Treatment
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Specific Mental Health Disorders: Depressive and Anxiety Disorders
Introduction
Burden of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders
Risk Factors
Evidenced-Based Interventions
Primary and Indicated Preventative Interventions
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Specific Mental Health Disorders: Eating Disorders
Public Health Significance
Classification
Prevalence and Cultural Issues
Etiology
Assessment
Course and Outcome
Treatment
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Specific Mental Health Disorders: Mental Disorders Associated with Aging
Dementia
Depression
Anxiety Disorders
Psychosis
Alcohol and Drug Abuse
References
Further Reading
Specific Mental Health Disorders: Personality Disorders
Classification
Prevalence and Outcome
Public Health Consequences of PD
Etiology of PD
Intervention
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Specific Mental Health Disorders: Psychotic Disorders
Terminology
History
Psychotic Disorders
Public Health and Psychotic Disorders
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Specific Mental Health Disorders: Trauma and Mental Disorders
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Other Psychiatric Disorders Arising from Trauma
Psychological Responses to Extreme Abuse and Persecution
Mass Impacts of Trauma
Conclusions
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Spinal Injury
Introduction
Nature of Injury
Epidemiology
Etiology
Burden
Implications
Conclusions
References
Further Reading
Sports Injuries
Sports Injury as an International Public Health Issue
Epidemiology of Sports Injury
Sports Most Commonly Associate with Injury
Categories of Sports Injuries
Sports Injury Risk Factors
Sports Injury Prevention
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Streptococcal Diseases
Streptococci: A Persistent Health Hazard
Classification of Streptococci
Diseases Caused by Streptococci
Viridans Group Streptococci (Oral Streptococci)
Summary
Further Reading
Stress and (Public) Health
The Concept of Stress
Health Problems in Modern Society
Socioeconomic Status and Health
Bodily Responses to Stress
Stress as a Health-Promoting or Health-Damaging Factor
Stress-Related Disorders
Gender Differences in Stress-Related Health
Positive Health
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Further Reading
Sudden Cardiac Arrest
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology and Risk Factors
Prevention
Resuscitation
Conclusions
References
Suicide and Self-directed Violence
Definition of Suicide
Epidemiology of Suicidal Behavior
Suicide Risk Factors
Protective Factors
Prevention of Suicide, Treatment, and Postvention
Conclusions
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Surveillance of Disease: Overview
Historical Development
Surveillance Methods
Special Surveillance
Analyzing Surveillance Data
Salient Surveillance Experiences
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Syphilis
Historical Background and Recent Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Transmission and Clinical Presentation
Interaction with HIV
Congenital Syphilis – ‘The Sins of the Father Are Visited on the Children’ (Ibsen, Ghosts)
Interventions for Prevention and Control
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Systematic Reviews in Public Health
Introduction to Evidence-Based Public Health
Systematic Reviews and Their Contribution to Evidence-Based Public Health
Conducting Systematic Reviews of Public Health Interventions
Acknowledgment
References
Relevant Websites
T
Terrorism
Tetanus
Tobacco Control: An Integrated Approach
Tobacco Harm Minimization
Torture and Public Health
Traditional Asian Medical Systems
Transition to Universal Coverage in Developing Countries
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
Trends in Human Fertility
Tuberculosis Diagnosis
Tuberculosis Epidemiology
Tuberculosis: Overview
Tuberculosis Prevention
Tuberculosis, Public Health Aspects
Tuberculosis Treatment
Typhoid Fever
U
Undernutrition and Its Social Determinants
United Kingdom, Health System of
Unsafe Abortion
Urban Health Systems: Overview
V
Vaccines, Historical
Venous Thromboembolism
Violence against Women
Violence/Intentional Injuries – Epidemiology and Overview
Violence/Intentional Injuries – Prevention and Control
Viral Diarrhea
Viral Infections, an Overview with a Focus on Prevention of Transmission
Vitamin A Deficiency and Its Prevention
Vitamin D
W
Waterborne Diseases
Weapons of Mass Destruction
Western Europe, Health Systems of
WHO Definition of Health, Rethinking the
Wilson's Disease
Women's Mental Health
Worker Health and Safety: International Issues
World Bank
World Health Organization
World's Medical Schools: Past, Present and Future
Y
Yaws, Bejel, and Pinta
Yellow Fever
Yellow Fever, Historical
Young People and Violence
INDEX
Notes

AUTHOR INDEX