Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Commonly Used Symbols, Subscripts, and Abbreviations a
SYMBOLS
SUBSCRIPTS
NOTATION
ABBREVIATIONS
CHAPTER 1
Engine Types and Their Operation
1.1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
1.2 ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
1.3 ENGINE OPERATING CYCLES
1.4 ENGINE COMPONENTS
1.5 MULTICYLINDER ENGINES
1.6 SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE OPERATION
1.7 DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOUR-STROKE SI ENGINES
1.8 COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINE OPERATION
1.9 DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIESEL ENGINES
1.10 TWO-STROKE CYCLE ENGINE OPERATION
1.11 FUELS
PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2
Engine Design and Operating Parameters
2.1 IMPORTANT ENGINE CHARACTERISTICS
2.2 GEOMETRICAL RELATIONSHIPS FOR RECIPROCATING ENGINES
2.3 FORCES IN RECIPROCATING MECHANISM
2.4 BRAKE TORQUE AND POWER
2.5 INDICATED WORK PER CYCLE
2.6 MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY
2.7 MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE
2.8 SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION AND EFFICIENCY
2.9 AIR/FUEL AND FUEL/AIR RATIOS
2.10 VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY
2.11 SPECIFIC POWER, SPECIFC WEIGHT, AND SPECIFIC VOLUME
2.12 CORRECTION FACTORS FOR POWER AND VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY
2.13 SPECIFIC EMISSIONS AND EMISSIONS INDEX
2.14 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
2.15 ENGINE DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE DATA
2.16 VEHICLE POWER REQUIREMENTS
PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3
Thermochemistry of Fuel-Air Mixtures
3.1 CHARACTERIZATION OF FLAMES
3.2 IDEAL GAS MODEL
3.3 COMPOSITION OF AIR AND FUELS
3.4 COMBUSTION STOICHIOMETRY
3.5 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION c
3.6 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS APPLIED TO COMBUSTION
3.7 CHEMICALLY REACTING GAS MIXTURES
PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4
Properties of Working Fluids
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 UNBURNED MIXTURE COMPOSITION
4.3 GAS PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS
4.4 A SIMPLE ANALYTIC IDEAL GAS MODEL
4.5 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY CHARTS
4.6 TABLES OF PROPERTIES AND COMPOSITION
4.7 COMPUTER ROUTINES FOR PROPERTY AND COMPOSITION CALCULATIONS
4.8 TRANSPORT PROPERTIES
4.9 EXHAUST GAS COMPOSITION
PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5
Ideal Models of Engine Cycles
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 IDEAL MODELS OF ENGINE PROCESSES
5.3 THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONS FOR ENGINE PROCESSES
5.4 CYCLE ANALYSIS WITH IDEAL GAS WORKING FLUID WITH c v AND c p CONSTANT
5.5 FUEL-AIR CYCLE ANALYSIS
5.6 OVEREXPANDED ENGINE CYCLES
5.7 AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS OF ENGINE PROCESSES
5.8 COMPARISON WITH REAL ENGINE CYCLES
PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 6
Gas Exchange Processes
6.1 INTAKE AND EXHAUST PROCESSES IN THE FOUR-STROKE CYCLE
6.2 VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY
6.3 FLOW THROUGH VALVES AND PORTS
6.4 RESIDUAL GAS FRACTION
6.5 EXHAUST GAS FLOW RATE AND TEMPERATURE VARIATION
6.6 SCAVENGING IN TWO-STROKE CYCLE ENGINES
6.7 FLOW THROUGH TWO-STROKE ENGINE PORTS
6.8 SUPERCHARGING AND TURBOCHARGING
PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 7
Mixture Preparation in SI Engines
7.1 SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE MIXTURE REQUIREMENTS
7.2 FUEL METERING OVERVIEW
7.3 CENTRAL (THROTTLE-BODY) FUEL INJECTION
7.4 PORT (MULTIPOINT) FUEL INJECTION
7.5 AIR FLOW PHENOMENA
7.6 FUEL FLOW PHENOMENA: PORT FUEL INJECTION
7.7 DIRECT FUEL INJECTION
7.8 EXHAUST GAS OXYGEN SENSORS
7.9 FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEMS
7.10 LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS AND NATURAL GAS
PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 8
Charge Motion within the Cylinder
8.1 INTAKE-GENERATED FLOWS
8.2 MEAN VELOCITY AND TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS
8.3 SWIRL
8.4 TUMBLE
8.5 PISTON-GENERATED FLOWS: SQUISH
8.6 SWIRL, TUMBLE, SQUISH FLOW INTERACTIONS
8.7 PRECHAMBER ENGINE FLOWS
8.8 CREVICE FLOWS AND BLOWBY
8.9 FLOWS GENERATED BY PISTON CYLINDER-WALL INTERACTION
PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 9
Combustion in Spark-Ignition Engines
9.1 ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF PROCESS
9.2 THERMODYNAMICS OF SI ENGINE COMBUSTION
9.3 FLAME STRUCTURE AND SPEED
9.4 CYCLIC VARIATIONS IN COMBUSTION, PARTIAL BURNING, AND MISFIRE
9.5 SPARK IGNITION
9.6 ABNORMAL COMBUSTION: SPONTANEOUS IGNITION AND KNOCK
PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 10
Combustion in Compression-Ignition Engines
10.1 ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF PROCESS
10.2 TYPES OF DIESEL COMBUSTION SYSTEMS
10.3 DIESEL ENGINE COMBUSTION
10.4 FUEL SPRAY BEHAVIOR
10.5 IGNITION DELAY
10.6 MIXING-CONTROLLED COMBUSTION
10.7 ALTERNATIVE COMPRESSION-IGNITION COMBUSTION APPROACHES
PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 11
Pollutant Formation and Control
11.1 NATURE AND EXTENT OF PROBLEM
11.2 NITROGEN OXIDES
11.3 CARBON MONOXIDE
11.4 HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS
11.5 PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
11.6 EXHAUST GAS TREATMENT
PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 12
Engine Heat Transfer
12.1 IMPORTANCE OF HEAT TRANSFER
12.2 MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER
12.3 HEAT TRANSFER AND ENGINE ENERGY BALANCE
12.4 CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER
12.5 RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER
12.6 MEASUREMENTS OF INSTANTANEOUS HEAT-TRANSFER RATES
12.7 THERMAL LOADING AND COMPONENT TEMPERATURES
PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 13
Engine Friction and Lubrication
13.1 BACKGROUND
13.2 DEFINITIONS
13.3 FRICTION FUNDAMENTALS
13.4 MEASUREMENT METHODS
13.5 ENGINE FRICTION DATA
13.6 MECHANICAL FRICTION COMPONENTS
13.7 PUMPING FRICTION
13.8 ACCESSORY POWER REQUIREMENTS
13.9 ENGINE FRICTION MODELING
13.10 OIL CONSUMPTION
13.11 LUBRICANTS
PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 14
Modeling Real Engine Flow and Combustion Processes
14.1 PURPOSE AND CLASSIFICATION OF MODELS
14.2 GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR AN OPEN THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM
14.3 INTAKE AND EXHAUST FLOW MODELS
14.4 THERMODYNAMIC-BASED IN-CYLINDER MODELS
14.5 FLUID-MECHANIC-BASED MULTI-DIMENSIONAL MODELS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 15
Engine Operating Characteristics
15.1 ENGINE DESIGN OBJECTIVES
15.2 ENGINE PERFORMANCE
15.3 OPERATING VARIABLES THAT AFFECT SI ENGINE PERFORMANCE, EFFICIENCY, AND EMISSIONS
15.4 SI ENGINE COMBUSTION SYSTEM DESIGN
15.5 VARIABLES THAT AFFECT DIESEL ENGINE PERFORMANCE, EFFICIENCY, AND EMISSIONS
15.6 TWO-STROKE CYCLE ENGINES
15.7 NOISE, VIBRATION, AND HARSHNESS
15.8 ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND FUELS SUMMARY
PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A
Unit Conversion Factors
APPENDIX B
Ideal Gas Relationships
B.1 IDEAL GAS LAW
B.2 THE MOLE
B.3 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
B.4 MIXTURES OF IDEAL GASES
APPENDIX C
Equations for Fluid Flow through a Restriction
C.1 LIQUID FLOW
C.2 GAS FLOW
REFERENCES
APPENDIX D
Data on Working Fluids
Index