Intelligence - Theories and Applications

✍ Scribed by Rainer M. Holm-Hadulla (editor), Joachim Funke (editor), Michael Wink (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 394
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Intelligence allows people to understand events and to shape their surrounding environment. This book delves deeper into the theories and applications of intelligence, showing it is a multifaceted concept ―defined and explained differently by prestigious experts of various disciplines in their own research. The book provides interdisciplinary connections of intelligence as it relates to a variety of clearly outlined subject areas, and should lead to a deep understanding of the phenomenon as it pertains to practical applications in different domains.

Contributors in this volume present results from evolutionary biology, mathematics, artificial intelligence, medicine, psychology, cultural studies, economy, political sciences and philosophy. Individual scientific models are integrated in an interdisciplinary concept of wisdom. This volume will help enhance the common understanding of intelligence for fellow researchers and scientists alike.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: The Evolution of Intelligence: A Multi- and Interdisciplinary Review of Concepts and Practical Applications
1 Introduction
2 Biological Foundations
3 The Psychology of Intelligence
4 Mathematical and Artificial Intelligence
5 Artificial and Human Intelligence
6 Cultural Intelligence
7 Political Intelligence and Wisdom
References
Part I: Biological Basics
Chapter 2: On the Neurobiology of Intelligence
1 Introduction
2 The Neurobiology of Intelligence
2.1 Are Plants Intelligent?
2.2 Movement Makes You Smart: The Origins of Intelligence
2.3 Scala Naturae?
3 What Makes an “Intelligent Brain”?
3.1 Is Big Beautiful?
3.2 A Look at the Inner Workings of the Brain: Neuronal Networks
3.3 Crown of Creation?
4 Fine Distinctions: Why Aren’t We All Equally Smart?
4.1 Clever Minds?
4.2 Nature via Nurture
References
Chapter 3: The Intelligent Play with Chances and Selection
1 Introductory Remarks
2 Optimization as an Evolutionary Goal
2.1 Spreaders
2.2 Attachment Methods: Suckers, Adhesive Surfaces, Hook-and-Loop Fasteners
2.3 Scratch-Resistant Surfaces
2.4 Corrugated Surfaces as Protection Against Cold and Heat: The Seersucker Effect
2.5 Mechanically Stable Constructions of Larger Size: Folded Structures, Lightweight Construction, Floatability
2.6 Stability Aspects in the Architecture
3 Sophisticated Strategies of Organisms in An Ecosystem: Eating and Being Eaten, Mutualisms, Deceiving, Cheating, Killing
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 4: Intelligence in the Animal Kingdom
1 Introduction
2 Tool Use in the Animal Kingdom
2.1 Hammer and Hammering
2.1.1 Hammer
2.1.2 Cracking Eggs
2.1.3 Anvil
2.2 Cracking Nuts and Bones
2.3 Fishing with a Bait
2.4 Poking and Angling
3 Transmission of Tricks
4 Planning and Insight
5 Cognition and Social Intelligence
6 Brain Structures
7 Outlook
References
Chapter 5: Intelligence: Evolutionary Biological Foundations and Perspectives
1 Introduction
2 Basics of Neuronal Cognition
3 The First Nervous Systems
4 Cognition in Invertebrates
5 Cognition in Vertebrates
6 Hominid Cognition
7 From Homo Sapiens Intelligence to Artificial Intelligence?
References
Chapter 6: When Intelligence Is Impaired
1 David and the FOXP1 Syndrome
2 Autism Spectrum Disorder
3 Intelligence Quotient, Giftedness, and Mental Retardation
4 Higher Risk of Disease in Boys
5 Age Counts
6 Gut and Head Brain Work Together
7 FOXP1 and Its Closely Related “Language Development Gene” FOXP2
8 Intelligence and Intellectual Disability: Two Sides of the Same Coin?
9 The Plasticity of the Brain
10 Animal Models as Important Intermediate Steps to Understanding
11 Life Perspectives
References
Part II: Psychology of Intelligence
Chapter 7: Intelligence: The Psychological View
1 Introduction
2 Working Definition
3 Theoretical Issues
4 Measurement Issues and Critical Points
5 Artificial and Human Intelligence
6 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 8: Interpersonal Intelligence
1 Introduction and Explanation of Terms
2 Development of Interpersonal Intelligence: A Neuroscientific View
3 Development of Interpersonal Intelligence: A Look at the Early Learning History
4 How Is Interpersonal Intelligence Measured?
5 Interpersonal Intelligence and Personality Disorders
6 Outlook
Reference
Chapter 9: Development of Intelligence in the Context of Digital Media Use
1 Introduction
2 Influence of Video Games on Cognitive Development
3 Influence of Media Multitasking on Cognitive Development
4 Influence of Addictive Gaming on Cognitive Development
5 Interactions of Media Use and Intelligence
Bibliography
Chapter 10: Metacognitive Myopia: An Obstacle to Intelligent Behavior and Lapse of the Evolution?
1 Introduction: Rationality as the Epitome of Intelligent Behavior
1.1 Rational Judgment and Decision-Making
1.1.1 The Pessimistic View of Humankind Since Kahneman and Tversky
1.1.2 Prominent Examples of Cognitive Errors and Illusions
1.1.3 Smart Through Simple Heuristics (Bounded Rationality)
2 Metacognition
2.1 Quality Control of One’s Own Thinking
2.1.1 Monitoring and Control
2.1.2 Possibility of Correction and Learning
2.2 Metacognitive Myopia
2.2.1 Uncritical Correspondent Inferences
2.2.2 Perseverance
2.2.3 Inability Not to Learn
2.2.4 Inability Not to Remember
2.3 A Question of Usefulness and Relevance?
2.3.1 Assessment of Witness Statements
2.3.2 Assessment of Risks and Advice
2.3.3 Democratic Decision Making
2.4 Improving Metacognitive Performance
3 Conclusions
References
Part III: Mathematical and Artificial Intelligence
Chapter 11: How Smart Are Equations and Algorithms?: An Attempt to Transfer the Notion of Intelligence to Mathematical Concepts
1 What Is Intelligence?
2 Why Do We Need Mathematical Intelligence?
3 What Is Mechanistic Modeling and on What Basic Ideas Is It Based?
4 What Are Applications of Mechanistic Models?
4.1 A Simple Example
4.2 Quantification and Parameter Estimation
4.3 Predictions
4.4 Model and Hypothesis Selection, Hypothesis Generation
4.5 Optimal Experimental Design
4.6 Data Analysis and Interpretation
4.7 Complexity Reduction
5 Which Tools and Methods Are Used for Mechanistic Modeling?
6 Examples of Mechanistic Mathematical Modeling in Current Research
6.1 Example 1: Aging of Neural Stem Cells
6.2 Example 2: Impact of Leukemic Stem Cell Properties on Disease Progression
7 Data-Driven Processes
8 Outlook
9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Artificial Intelligence and Algorithms: True Progress or Just Digital Alchemy?
1 Introduction
2 Strong Versus Weak AI
3 Weak AI Is Mathematics
4 Algorithms for AI
5 AI as a Black Box
5.1 Can AI Technology Be Fundamentally Trusted to Make Important Decisions?
6 Interpretable AI as a Possible Solution
References
Chapter 13: Statistics and Intelligence: A Chequered Relationship
1 Introduction
2 Statistical Methods for Measuring Intelligence
2.1 Historical Considerations
2.2 Intelligence as a Complex Construct
2.3 Intelligence Tests
3 The Influence of Intelligence in Data Analysis
3.1 Intelligence of the Data
3.2 Intelligence of the Methods
3.3 Intelligence of the Users
3.4 Consumer Intelligence
4 Conclusions
4.1 The Influence of Intelligence Research on Statistics
4.2 Applications and Limitations of Intelligence Tests
4.3 Intelligence and Environment
4.4 Concluding Remarks
References
Part IV: Artificial and Human Intelligence
Chapter 14: Human and Artificial Intelligence: A Critical Comparison
1 Introduction
2 Persons Are Not Programs
3 Programs Are Not Persons
4 Summary: Simulation and Original
Chapter 15: Emotional Robotics: Curse or Blessing in Psychiatric Care?
1 Artificial Social–Emotional Intelligence: An Introduction
2 Artificial Social–Emotional Intelligence: Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Perspectives
3 Robotics and Apparatus
4 Social Consequences of the Use of Robots in Helper Systems
5 Robotics and Psychotherapy: Thoughts on Intersubjectivity
6 Robotics and Psychotherapy: A Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Human and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
1 The Disruptive Use of Information
2 Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
3 Consequences for the Networking of Medical Data
4 Health Data Management: Who Owns the Medical Data?
5 Why Do We Need Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Process Health Data?
6 Why Is the Internet of Medicine (IoM) Developing So Much Later Than the Internet of Things (IoT)?
References
Part V: Economic Intelligence
Chapter 17: The Industrialization of Intelligence
1 The Pursuit of Cognition
2 From Observation to Experience
3 From Experience to Cognition
4 From Cognition to Skills
5 The Spread of Cognition
6 The Spread of Skills
7 From Experience Directly to Skills
8 From Data to Artificial Intelligence
9 From Correlations to Causations
10 Models as Representations of Reality
11 Outlook
References
Chapter 18: Intelligent Strategies: Correct Recognition and Good Choices in a Complex World
1 Introduction
1.1 Problem Definition
1.2 Why Strategic Planning Makes Sense
2 Recognizing and Using the Essential Factors in a Complex World
2.1 Identifying the Key Factors
2.2 The Use of Key Factors in Scenarios
3 Selection of Suitable Options
3.1 Understanding the Initial Situation and Identifying the Business Model
3.2 Selection of Options as a Creative Process
4 Open Implementation
4.1 Dealing with Known Uncertainties
4.2 Interleaved Implementation
5 Concluding Remarks
Part VI: Cultural Intelligence
Chapter 19: Intelligence and Literary Fiction: How Novels Can Improve Our (Understanding of) Intelligence
1 Why Intelligence and Literature? Research Desiderata, Definitions, and Central Theses
2 The Representation of Intelligence in Ian McEwan’s Machines Like Me: Contrasting Different Kinds of Intelligence
3 The Representation of Intelligence in Kazuo Ishiguro’s Klara and the Sun: Emphasising Empathy
4 Improving Emotional and Social Intelligence Through Reading Literary Works
5 Literature as a Medium of Reflection on Intelligence, Ethics and Wisdom
References
Part VII: Political Intelligence and Wisdom
Chapter 20: Meta-Intelligence: Understanding, Control, and Coordination of Higher Cognitive Processes
1 Introduction
2 Relations Among Intelligence, Creativity, Wisdom, and Related Constructs
3 The Nature of Meta-Intelligence
References
Chapter 21: Intelligentia Dei: Artificial Intelligence, Human Reason and Divine Wisdom
1 Introduction
2 On the Power of Religious Language in the Context of Modern Natural Sciences: Intelligibility That Springs from Myth
3 Divine Intelligence in the Advertising Shop Window
4 Function of God’s Intelligence in the Original Context of the Bible
4.1 Old Testament
4.1.1 God as an Intelligent Creator
4.2 The Old Testament View of Wisdom in Cultural–Historical Comparison: Job Among the Philosophers
4.3 New Testament
5 Conclusion
Chapter 22: Political Intelligence? A Practical View Between Politics and Science
1 A Situation Report
Chapter 23: Political Intelligence and Wisdom
1 Introduction
2 Theories of International Relations and Political Intelligence
3 The End of Political Intelligence?
References
Index