Integrative Approaches to Biotechnology

✍ Scribed by Atul Bhargava (editor), Shilpi Srivastava (editor)

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 287
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Biotechnology is one of the fastest emerging fields that has attracted attention of conventional biologists, biochemists, microbiologists, medical and agricultural scientists. The coming decades are likely to witness a boom in biotechnology, which is expected to surpass information technology as the new engine of the global economy. Biotechnology is experiencing a revolution that will affect every facet of our lives, from crop improvement to commerce, drugs and sustainable development. New approaches and a plethora of information available at a frantic pace demands its dissemination to the scientific community. The current book has been written with the specific objective of providing information on the recent developments in biotechnology to the readers.

The proposed book presents a multidisciplinary approach to the latest information and developments in biotechnology in an easy-to-read, succinct format. The book has been divided into 6 sections and 15 chapters giving an in-depth analysis of the latest research and developments in the biotechnological realm. The topics have been presented in a lucid, easy-to-read methodical way with illustrations and suitable case studies to provide additional help and clarity. The authors have tried to present state-of-the-art and integrative information in a manner that familiarizes the reader with the important concepts and tools of recent biotechnological studies. Apart from biotechnological personnel, the book would also be useful for readers of diverse disciplines such as bioinformatics, agriculture, environmental science, pharmaceutical sciences, biochemistry and general biology.

Features

• A systematic overview of the recent state-of-the-art technologies.

• Novel contents with maximum coherence.

• Extensive use of examples and case studies to illustrate how each technique has been used in practice.

• Incorporation of the latest information on these topics from recent research papers.

This book serves as a reference book and presents information in an accessible way for students, researchers and scientific investigators in biotechnology. It may also be used as a textbook for postgraduate-level courses in biological sciences.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Editors
Contributors
Section I: Plant Biotechnology
1. Insights in Plant Epigenetics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Historical Perspectives
1.3 Source of Epigenetics
1.3.1 DNA Methylation
1.3.2 Post-translational Histone Modifications and Chromatin Remodeling
1.3.3 Non-coding RNAs
1.4 Epigenetics in Plant Development and Crop Improvement
1.4.1 Plant Response to Abiotic Stress
1.4.2 Epigenetics and Biotic Stress and Interactions
1.4.3 Epigenetics in Improvement of Agronomic Traits
1.5 Epigenetics in Plant Evolution
1.6 Conclusion
References
2. Recent Advances in Biotechnological Interventions for Nutritional Enhancement of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cultivation
2.3 Genomic Resources in Linseed
2.3.1 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms
2.3.2 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA
2.3.3 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism
2.3.4 Simple Sequence Repeat
2.3.5 Inter Simple Sequence Repeat
2.3.6 Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence
2.3.7 Sequence Characterized Amplified Region
2.3.8 InDels
2.3.9 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism
2.4 Genetic Maps
2.4.1 BAC Libraries and Physical Map
2.4.2 QTL Mapping
2.4.3 Transcriptomics
2.4.4 Whole-Genome Sequencing
2.5 Application of Genomic Resources toward Genetic Improvement of Linseed
2.5.1 Desired Trait Mapping
2.5.2 Marker-Assisted Selection
2.5.3 Mutation Breeding
2.6 Future Prospects
References
3. Abiotic Stress and Candid Conduct of Proteins
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Extraneous Factors Contributing to Abiotic Stress in Plants
3.2.1 Fly Ash
3.2.2 Industrial Efflux
3.2.3 Sewage and Wastewater Irrigation
3.2.4 Fertilizers
3.2.5 Pesticides
3.2.6 Urbanization
3.3 Plant Response to Abiotic Stresses
3.4 Proteomic Approaches to Abiotic Stresses
3.4.1 Drought
3.4.2 Flood
3.4.3 Salinity
3.4.4 Cold
3.5 High-Throughput Proteomic Approaches
3.6 Stress Sensing
3.7 Genetic Engineering and Stress Tolerance
References
Section II: Microbial and Medical Biotechnology
4. Long Non-coding RNA(s): Is the Junk Worth It?
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Historical Overview
4.3 Classification of IncRNA
4.3.1 IncRNAs
4.3.2 Intergenic IncRNAs
4.4 Functional Aspects of IncRNA
4.4.1 Transcriptional Regulation
4.4.2 Posttranscriptional Regulation
4.4.3 Post-Translational Regulation
4.4.4 Interactions with RBPS
4.4.5 Chromatin Maintenance
4.5 Dual Contrasting Role Play by IncRNA
4.6 Association with Signaling Cascades
4.6.1 IncRNA and Wnt-Signaling
4.6.2 IncRNA and TGF-β Signaling
4.6.3 IncRNA and JAK-STAT Pathway
4.6.4 IncRNA and PI3/AKT Pathway
4.6.5 IncRNA and MAPK/ERK Signaling
4.7 IncRNA as Tumor Suppressors
4.7.1 GAS5
4.7.2 MT1JP
4.7.3 LET
4.7.4 MALAT1
4.7.5 MEG3
4.7.6 XIST
4.8 IncRNA as Therapeutic Targets
4.8.1 Nucleic Acid Modulators of IncRNA
4.8.2 Small Molecule Modulators of IncRNA
4.9 Future Prospects
References
5. Exosomes as a Therapeutic Tool Against Infectious Diseases
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biogenesis of Exosomes
5.3 Composition of Exosomes
5.4 Role of Exosomes
5.5 Applications of Exosomes
5.5.1 Exosomes as Diagnostics Tools: Biomarkers
5.5.2 Exosomes as Drug Delivery Vehicles
5.6 Caveat and Future Aspects
References
6. Plant Thionins: The Green Antimicrobial Agents
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Antibiotic Resistance
6.3 Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPS)
6.4 Thionins
6.5 Types of Thionins
6.6 Structure of Thionins
6.7 Biological Activities of Thionins
6.8 Thionins as Antimicrobial Agents
6.9 Biotechnological Interventions in Plant Thionins
6.10 Conclusion
References
Section III: Nanobiotechnology
7. Curcumin Nanoemulsions: Recent Advances and Applications
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Curcumin
7.2.1 Chemical Characterization of Curcumin
7.2.2 Key Challenges of Curcumin Administration
7.2.3 Nanostructures for Curcumin Delivery
7.3 Curcumin Nanoemulsions
7.3.1 Synthesis of Curcumin Nanoemulsion
7.3.1.1 Low-Energy Methods
7.3.1.1.1 Phase Inversion
7.3.1.1.2 Spontaneous Emulsification
7.3.1.1.3 Ionotropic Gelation
7.3.1.2 High-Energy Methods
7.3.1.2.1 High-Pressure Homogenization
7.3.1.2.2 Ultrasonification
7.3.1.2.3 Microfluidization
7.3.2 Physico-chemical Characterization of Curcumin Nanoemulsion
7.3.3 Stability and Bioaccessibility of Curcumin Nanoemulsion
7.4 Applications of Curcumin Nanoemulsions
7.4.1 Therapeutic Benefits of Curcumin Nanoemulsion
7.4.1.1 Antioxidant Activity
7.4.1.2 Anticancer Activity
7.4.1.3 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
7.4.1.4 Antiviral Potential
7.4.1.5 Antimicrobial Potential
7.4.1.6 Anti-Aging Activity
7.4.2 Food Applications
7.5 Conclusions and Future Aspects
References
8. Mechanism and Method of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) Induced Toxicity in Biological Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 History
8.3 Nanostructure Material Classification
8.3.1 Dimensionality
8.3.2 Nanoparticles Morphology
8.3.3 Nanoparticles Composition
8.3.3.1 Carbon-based Nanomaterials
8.3.3.2 Inorganic-based Nanomaterials
8.3.3.3 Organic-based Nanomaterials
8.3.3.4 Composite-based Nanomaterials
8.3.4 Nanomaterials Based on Their Origin
8.4 Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs): Key focus points and challenges in the field of nanotoxicology
8.4.1 ZnO NPs Cytotoxicity Based on Cell Interaction
8.4.2 ZnO NPs-Mediated Toxicity Due to Dissolution
8.4.3 ZnO NPs-Mediated Toxicity Due to ROS Generation
8.4.4 ZnO NPs-Induced Immunomodulatory Responses
8.4.5 ZnO NPs-Induced Apoptotic Cell Death and Autophagy
8.4.6 ZnO NPs-Induced Genotoxicity
8.5 ZnO NPs toxicity on animal models: Current scenario
8.6 NPs-protein corona
8.7 Drawback of corona formation
8.8 Conclusion
References
Section IV: Environmental Biotechnology
9. Waste Management by Thermophilic Bacteria
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Importance of Thermophilic Microbes over Mesophilic Microbes
9.3 Waste Management
9.3.1 Food Waste Management
9.3.2 Aerobic Wastewater Treatment
9.3.3 Agricultural Waste Treatment
9.4 Limitations and Future Perspectives
References
10. Extremophiles: Biofactories for Bioremediation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Types of Extremophiles
10.2.1 Acidophiles and Alkaliphiles
10.2.2 Thermophiles and Psychrophiles
10.2.3 Halophiles and Piezophiles
10.2.4 Radiophiles, Metallophiles and Xerophiles
10.3 Bioremediation
10.3.1 In situ Bioremediation
10.3.2 Ex-situ Bioremediation
10.4 Extremophiles in Bioremediation
10.4.1 Petroleum Bioremediation and Extremophiles
10.4.2 Pesticide Bioremediation and Extremophiles
10.4.3 Heavy Metal Bioremediation and Extremophiles
10.4.4 Radionuclides Bioremediation and Extremophiles
10.4.5 Wastewater Bioremediation and Extremophiles
10.5 Conclusion
References
Section V: Bioinformatics
11. Role of Bacterial Infection in Cancer Genomics
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Bacterial Involvement in Cancer Genetics
11.3 Somatic Mutations Induced by Bacteria in Cancer
11.4 Bacteria-Related Mutations in Cancer-Critical Genes
11.5 Bacteria Influencing Hallmarks of Cancer
11.5.1 Sustaining Proliferative Signaling
11.5.2 Evading Growth Suppressor
11.5.3 Activating Invasion and Metastasis
11.5.4 Inducing Angiogenesis
11.5.5 Resisting Cell Death
11.5.6 Avoiding Immune Destruction
11.5.7 Genomic Instability and Mutation
11.6 Bacteria As a Biomarker in Cancer
11.7 Bacteria in Cancer Therapy
11.8 Conclusion and Future Aspects
Acknowledgments
References
12. Structural Recognition and Cleavage Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Viral Diseases in Humans
12.3 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
12.4 Structure of SARS-CoV-2
12.4.1 Structure of Virus
12.4.2 Structure of Spike Protein
12.5 Cleavage Dynamics
12.6 Design of Molecular Blockers
12.6.1 Peptide Blockers of Cleavage Site
12.6.2 Small-Molecule Inhibitors
12.7 Repurpose Therapeutic Potential FDA-approved Drugs for SARS-CoV-2
12.8 Conclusion
References
13. Decoding Transcriptomics of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Computational Approach
13.1 Introduction
13.2 RNA-Seq Workflow
13.2.1 Preprocessing
13.2.2 Alignment
13.2.3 Transcriptome Reconstruction
13.2.4 Expression Quantification
13.2.5 Differential Expression
13.3 Recent Transcriptomic Findings in Neurodevelopmental Disorders
13.3.1 Intellectual Disability
13.3.2 Autism Spectrum Disorder
13.3.3 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
13.4 Applications of Transcriptomics
13.4.1 Identifying Differentially Expressed Genes
13.4.2 Functional Enrichment
13.4.3 Detection of Alternative Splicing
13.4.4 Detection of Chimeric Transcripts
13.4.5 Detection of Single Nucleotide Variants
13.4.6 Detection of Allele-Specific Expression
13.4.7 Small RNA-Seq
13.4.8 Single-Cell RNA-Seq
References
14. Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies for the Development of Disease-Resistant Plants
14.1 Introduction
14.2 History of NGS
14.3 Types of NGS
14.3.1 First-Generation Sequencing
14.3.2 Next-Generation Sequencing
14.3.2.1 Second-Generation Sequencing (SGS)
14.3.2.2 Third-Generation Sequencing (TGS)
14.4 Applications of NGS in Crop Science
14.4.1 Using Genetic Resources
14.4.2 Mining Novel Genes to Generate Transcriptome
14.4.3 Role of Metabolomics
14.4.4 Diagnosing Disease-Causing Pathogens
14.4.5 Integration of Transcriptome and Metabolome
14.5 Current Research in NGS and Plant Genomics
14.5.1 PacBio
14.5.2 Nanopore Sequencing Methods
14.5.3 Synthetic Long-Read (SLR) Sequencing
14.6 Advantages of TGS
14.7 Conclusion
References
Section VI: Biochemistry
15. Alcohol Dehydrogenase: Structural and Functional Diversity
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Classification of ADHs
15.3 Substrate Specificity and Diversity in ADHs
15.4 Reaction Mechanism of ADHs
15.5 Physiological role in microbes and plants
15.5.1 ADH in the Development of Skin and Other Epithelial Tissues in Animals
15.5.2 Metabolism of Drugs
15.5.3 Nitric Oxide Metabolism
15.5.4 Defense Against Reactive Compounds
15.5.5 Stress Survival
15.6 Industrial Applications
15.6.1 Nootkatone
15.6.2 Butane-2,3-diol (2,3-BD)
15.6.3 γ-Valerolactone (GVL)
15.6.4 Phenylethanol (PE)
15.7 Applications in Healthcare
15.8 Applications in Diagnostics and Environmental Monitoring
15.9 Applications in Genetic Engineering
15.10 Conclusion
References
Index