Integrated Nanophotonic Devices (Micro and Nano Technologies)

✍ Scribed by Zeev Zalevsky, Ibrahim Abdulhalim

• Publisher: William Andrew
• Year: 2010
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 259
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Nanophotonics is a field of science and technology based on the manipulation of light with equally miniscule structures, in the same way that computer chips are used to route and switch electrical signals. By enabling new high bandwidth, high speed optoelectronic components, nanophotonics has the potential to revolutionize the fields of telecommunications, computation and sensing. In this book, Zalevsky and Abdulhalim explore one of the key technologies emerging within nanophotonics, that of nano-integrated photonic modulation devices and sensors. The attempt to integrate photonic dynamic devices with microelectronic circuits is becoming a major scientific as well as industrial trend due to the fact that currently processing is mainly achieved using microelectronic chips but transmission, especially for long distances, takes place via optical links. Unlocks the technologies that will turn the rapidly growing research area of nanophotonics into a major area of commercial development, with applications in telecommunications, computing, security and sensing. Nano-integrated photonic modulation devices and sensors are the components that will see nanophotonics moving out of the lab into a new generation of products and services. By covering the scientific fundamentals alongside technological applications, the authors open up this important multidisciplinary subject to readers from a range of scientific backgrounds.

✦ Table of Contents

Integrated NanophotonicDevices......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Preface......Page 4
About the Authors......Page 5
Physical Background......Page 6
Propagation of Radiation in Anisotropic Medium......Page 7
Pockels Effect......Page 11
Second Harmonic Generation......Page 13
Three Waves Interaction......Page 14
Second Harmonic Generation......Page 16
Parametric Amplification......Page 18
Backward Parametric Amplification......Page 19
Raman Effect......Page 20
Optical Phase Conjugation......Page 22
Introduction......Page 24
Observables......Page 28
Heisenberg Picture......Page 29
Quantum Description of Molecules......Page 30
Interaction Between Atoms and Radiation......Page 31
Intrinsic Semiconductor......Page 35
Extrinsic Semiconductor......Page 40
Currents......Page 41
Continuity Equation......Page 42
p–n Junction......Page 43
Carriers Injection......Page 46
MOS Capacitors......Page 49
MOS Field Effect Transistor......Page 52
Junction Field Effect Transistor......Page 55
Waveguide Modes......Page 57
Longitudinally Perturbed Waveguide......Page 60
References......Page 62
Magneto-Optic Modulators......Page 63
The Electro-Optic Kerr Effect......Page 64
Liquid Crystals......Page 66
Homogeneously Aligned NLCs......Page 67
CLCs......Page 69
Electro-Absorption......Page 70
Photorefractive Effects......Page 71
Frequency Mixing......Page 72
Brillouin Scattering......Page 73
Overview of Photonic Devices......Page 74
References......Page 77
General Overview......Page 83
Modulator Based on Carrier Depletion in Silicon......Page 90
Background on Integrated Resonators......Page 91
Resonator Based on Low Refractive Index Holes......Page 96
Carrier-Injected Micro Ring Resonator-Based Modulator......Page 97
References......Page 98
Fabrication Aspects of Integrated Devices......Page 102
Electron Beam Direct Write Lithography......Page 103
Atomic Force Microscopic Nanolithography......Page 104
Optical Mask-Less Lithography......Page 105
Copying Exposition Methods......Page 106
Deep Reactive-Ion Etching (DRIE)......Page 107
Nanoimprint Lithography......Page 108
LIGA Process......Page 109
Deposition with Lift-Off......Page 110
Focused Ion Beam (FIB)......Page 111
Artificial Organs......Page 112
Nanosensors......Page 113
References......Page 114
Non-Conventional Modulation Schemes......Page 115
Electro-Optic-on-Chip Bragg Modulator......Page 116
Device Operation Modes......Page 122
Fabrication Process......Page 124
Experimental Characterization and Interpretation......Page 127
All-Optical Plasma Dispersion Effect-Based Approach......Page 129
Technical Description......Page 130
Experimental Characterization......Page 131
All-Optical Nanomodulator, Sensor, Wavelength Converter, Logic Gate and Flip-Flop......Page 138
Theoretical Background......Page 139
Fabrication of Devices......Page 140
Devices and Simulation Results......Page 141
Preliminary Experimental Validations......Page 143
Simulations......Page 146
Experimental Testing......Page 149
Experimental Result......Page 151
Self-Assembly of Nanometric Metallic Particles for Realization of Photonic and Electronic Nanotransistors......Page 154
Design and Fabrication of 1X2 Nanophotonic Switch......Page 156
Numerical Simulations......Page 157
All-Optical Integrated Micrologic Gate......Page 161
Operation Principle......Page 163
Fabrication......Page 164
Experimental Testing......Page 165
Fabrication Process......Page 167
Experimental Testing......Page 169
Preliminary Results and Discussion......Page 171
References......Page 172
Introduction......Page 176
Surface Plasmons at the Interface of Semi-Infinite Metal–Dielectric......Page 178
Effects of the finite metal film thickness......Page 182
The 2 × 2 Abeles matrix approach for the optics of multilayers......Page 187
The field distribution Calculation......Page 189
Absorption and Scattering by Metal Nanospheres......Page 191
Absorption and scattering by anisotropic nanoparticles......Page 194
Field enhancement and surface-enhanced optical effects......Page 197
Enhanced optical transmission through nanoapertures in metals......Page 201
Definitions Related to Optical Sensors......Page 206
Evanescent field sensing......Page 207
Sensing with PSPR......Page 208
Recent developments in PSPR sensing......Page 220
Sensing with LSPR and nanostructure design......Page 222
Sensing with EOT......Page 228
Light Concentration and Photovoltaics......Page 232
Future Directions......Page 233
References......Page 234
Introduction......Page 242
Microfluidic And Nanofluidic Mechanics......Page 243
Fabrication Considerations......Page 246
Summary of Optofluidics Applications......Page 248
References......Page 251
Index......Page 253