Integrated Approaches Towards Solid Waste Management

✍ Scribed by Ajay S. Kalamdhad (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 328
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

In the developing countries, pollution through solid waste, sludge from water and wastewater treatment plants and pollution of natural water resources have become one of the grave issues. The root cause is population explosion, industrialization, urbanization and other anthropogenic activities. The increase rate of solid waste has become a major challenge for sustainable development of the environment. Poor management of solid waste and sludge from water and wastewater treatment plants may be the cause of health hazards and environmental problems. The book presents new methods and technologies to combat the aforementioned problems and focuses on the importance of using the recycled products. The technologies related to waste and sludge treatment are economical, eco-friendly and bring economic returns, and can be applied to most of the developing countries where waste treatment technologies, viz. composting, anaerobic digestion, recycling of plastic and agricultural waste in construction can be used. The aim of the book is to support everyone who is involved in academics, teaching, research related to solid waste management and water and wastewater treatment study in the leading academic and research organizations globally. This book will be of prodigious value to upcoming researchers, scholars, scientists and professionals in Environmental Science and Engineering fields, and global and local authorities and policy makers responsible for the management of solid wastes and sludge. Globally, universities can develop new prospectuses on sustainable and eco-friendly waste and sludge management, which are relating to the book’s theme. This book can also be of great source for designing and operation of waste reuse and recycling programmes.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Utilisation of Recycled Slaughterhouse Wastes for Vegetable Cultivation in Rural India
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Recycling of Bovine Blood and Rumen Content
2.2 Quality Assessment of BBRDM
2.3 Performance Evaluation of BBRDM
2.4 Soil Nutrient Availability During Cultivation
2.5 Quantification of Emitted Methanes
2.6 Study of Soil Microbial Communities
2.7 Statistics
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Process Description, Technology Upgradation and BBRDM Characteristics
3.2 N Fertilisation, Methane Emissions and Yield Performance
3.3 Microbial Abundance Under DifferentFertilisation Regimes
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Operation and Maintenance of Wash Infrastructure in Residential Schools in Nashik Tribal Belt of Maharashtra: A Case Study
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Understanding the Meaning and Importance of Operation and Maintenance
4 Global Scenario of Wash and O&M in Schools
5 Importance of O&M in Curbing Water-Borne Diseases
6 O&M in Residential Schools: Challenges and Opportunities
7 Methodology/Approach
8 Results
9 Social Service Provider (ITI and Youth)
10 Key Learnings and Observations
11 Village Entrepreneurship Model
12 Key Learnings and Observations
13 Institutional Strengthening
14 Key Learnings and Observations
15 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Metal Resistant Bacteria in Animal Manure Induces Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics: Their Co-occurrence in Compost, Soil and Water
1 Introduction
2 Origin of ARB/Gs in Manure
3 Persistence of ARB/Gs in the Agroecosystem
4 Co-occurrence of MRGs with ARGs
5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Artificial Neural Network Model for Prediction of Methane Fraction in Landfill Gas from Pretreated Waste in Bioreactor Landfills
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Collection of MSW Sample
2.2 Set-up of Simulated Reactor
2.3 Analytical Methods and Instruments
2.4 Neural Network Basic Principles
2.5 Modelling Methodology
2.5.1 Network Architectures
2.5.2 Preparation of Input and Output Parameters
2.5.3 Data Pre-processing and Normalisation
2.6 ANN Learning
2.7 Performance Evaluation
3 Results
3.1 Selection of the Best Parameters for ANN Topology
3.2 The Best ANN Architecture
3.3 ANN Performance Analysis
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Effect of Gasification Zone Length on the Downdraft Gasifier Performance for High Ash Biomass
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Feed-stock and Its Characterization
2.2 Experimental Setup
2.3 Operating Procedure and Plan of Experiments
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Temperature Profile
3.2 Transient Variation of Gas Composition and Gasification Zone Temperature
3.3 Average Producer Gas Composition and its Lower Heating Value
3.4 Flame Appearance and Flame Stability Time
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Utilisation of Natural Waste in Freeze-Thaw Affected Soil: A Comparative Analysis
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Economic and Ecological Feasibility of Marble Powder in Cement Mortar
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Use of Gas Turbine Operated by Municipal Solid Waste to Obtain Power and Cooling Assisted by Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System
1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods
3 Results
4 Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Experimental Study on Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottle Fibre Reinforced Concrete
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.1.1 Cement
2.1.2 Aggregate
2.1.3 Water
2.1.4 Fibre Reinforcement
2.2 Methods
2.2.1 Mixed Design
2.2.2 Compressive Strength Test and Water Absorption Test
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Estimation of Demolition Waste Using Waste Generation Rate and Logistic Flows in Surat, India
1 Introduction
2 Research Methodology
3 Data Collection
4 Construction and Demolition Sector In Surat
5 Establishing Waste Generation Rate
6 Estimating the Proportion of Various Types of Buildings
7 Research Question
8 Testing for Assumptions
9 Result and Discussion
10 DWGR Estimation Model Performance Prediction
11 Recommendations for Government Agencies
12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Identification of Potential Neighbourhood Constraints of Demolition Process: A Case Study
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Research Methodology
4 The Case Study: Demolition of District Court Building
5 Predemolition Phase
6 Execution Phase
7 Post Demolition Phase
8 Realisation of Constraints in the Demolition Process
9 Contractor’s Difficulties During Execution of Demolition Work
10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Sustainability of Natural Aggregates by Utilising CDW in Concrete
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Result and Discussion
3.1 Preparation of Cultivated Aggregates
3.2 Testing of Aggregates
3.3 Mix Design and Mix Proportion
3.4 Test for Workability of Concrete
3.5 Test on Hardened Concrete
3.5.1 Compressive Strength Test
3.5.2 Split Tensile Strength
3.5.3 Optimum Percentage of Replacement of CDW
3.5.4 Calculation of Effective Depth of the Beam
3.5.5 Volume of Aggregate Saved
4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Experimental Study on Incorporation of Plastic Wastes as a Binding Material in Pervious Pavers
1 Introduction
2 Materials
2.1 Plastic Wastes
2.2 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Plastics
2.3 Polycarbonate (PC) Plastics
2.4 Polypropylene (PP) Plastics
2.5 Aggregates
2.5.1 Coarse aggregates
2.5.2 Fine aggregates
3 Methodology
3.1 Segregation
3.2 Grinding
3.3 Mix Proportion
3.4 Melting and Mixing
3.5 Moulding
3.6 Demoulding
3.6.1 Full pervious pavers
3.6.2 Integrated pervious pavers
4 Experimental Programme
4.1 Block Compressive Strength
4.1.1 Compression Test at Room Temperature
4.1.2 Compression Test at Elevated Temperature
4.2 Abrasion Test on Blocks
4.3 Water Permeability Test on Blocks
5 Results and Discussions
5.1 Block Compressive Strength
5.2 Abrasion Test on Blocks
5.3 Water Permeability Test on Blocks
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Biogas Development in India: A Sustainable Energy for Future
1 Introduction
1.1 Bio-energy Scenario in India and Its Impact on the Environment
2 Waste Biomass to Bioenergy
3 Different Generation of Biomass
4 Past, Present, Future Perspective of Anaerobic Digestion and Its Implication on Energy Supply in India
4.1 Ministry of New Renewable Energy (MNRE) Programs for the Development of Biogas in India
4.2 Technologies Used for Improved Biogas Production: An Effect of Pretreatment Method
4.3 By Using Additives
4.3.1 Addition of Biochar
5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Study on the Effect of Load Resting Time on Recycled Brick Aggregate Cement Concrete
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16: Energy Densification of Juice Waste Using Hydrothermal Carbonisation
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Experimental Methods
2.2 Methods for Hydrochar Analysis
2.3 Process Wastewater Analysis
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Characteristics of JW
3.2 Hydrothermal Carbonization Process
3.3 Characteristics of Hydrochar Derived from JW
3.4 Durability of HC Samples Derived from JW
3.5 Process Wastewater Characteristics
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 17: Terracotta Membrane-based Microbial Fuel Cell with Algal Biocathode: A Low-Cost Alternative to Dairy Wastewater Treatment Coupled Electricity and Biomass Production
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Microalgal Strain
2.2 MFC Configuration
2.3 Data Analysis of MFCs
2.4 Data Analysis of Microalgal Biomass
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Voltage Generation and Fuel Cell Behaviour
3.2 Wastewater Treatment
3.3 Algal Biomass and DO Levels in the Cathode Chamber
4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Upcycling Textile Waste Towards Green Nanocomposites
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Development of Thermoset Nanocomposites
2.2.1 Preparation of Carded Web
2.2.2 Development of Thermoset Nanocomposite Specimens
2.3 Characterisation of Composite Specimens
2.3.1 Characterisation of Mechanical Properties
2.3.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
2.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Tensile Test
3.2 Flexural Strength
3.3 Izod Impact Strength
3.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) of Composites Filled with Different Graphite Oxide Content
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 19: Reduction of Significant Aspects and Enhancement of Non-Significant Aspects for Hazardous Wastes in a Medical Electronics Manufacturing Firm
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 20: The Potential of Biogas Production from Water Hyacinth by Using Floating Drum Biogas Reactor
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Biogas Setup
2.2 Sample Collection
2.3 Slurry Preparation
2.4 Anaerobic Digestion
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Combination 10–90% Water hyacinth: 10% Cow Dung
3.2 Combination 11–100% Water hyacinth: 0% Cow Dung
3.3 Flam Test Results
4 Conclusions and Suggestions
References
Chapter 21: Influence of Initial pH on Bioleaching of Selected Metals from e-Waste Using Aspergillus niger
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 e-Waste Collection and Sample Preparation for Bioleaching Study
2.2 Metal Quantification of Waste PCB
2.3 Bioleaching Experiment Using Aspergillus niger
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Metallic Content of Comminuted WPCB
3.2 Variations in pH During Fungal Bioleaching
3.3 Bioleaching of Selected Metals Using Aspergillus niger
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 22: Column Leaching of Metals from PCB of End-of-Life Mobile Phone Using DTPA Under Oxidising Condition
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Collection of End-of-Life Mobile Phone PCBs and Sample Preparation
2.2 Elemental Quantification of Comminuted PCB Sample
2.3 Leaching of Selected Metals from PCBs of EoL-MPs Using Column Reactor by Applying Response Surface Methodology to Batch Study
2.3.1 Optimisation Using Response Surface Methodology
2.3.2 Column Leaching of Metals from End-of-Life Mobile Phone PCBs
2.3.3 Statistical Analysis
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Metallic Content of EoL-MP PCB
3.2 Optimal Parameters for Column Leaching Using RSM
3.3 Column Leaching of Selected Metals from EoL-MP PCB
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 23: Assessment of Sand Size on ECC Containing Waste Materials
1 Introduction
2 Selection of Materials
3 Casing and Testing Program
3.1 Compressive Behaviour
3.2 Flexural Response
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Compressive Strength
4.2 Flexural Strength
4.3 Mid Span Deflection
4.4 Relationship Strength Parameters and Deflection Capacity
5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 24: Effect of Operating Parameters on Leachate Quantity and Quality Generated During Hydrolysis of Kitchen Waste
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Leach Bed Reactor Set-up
2.2 Analytical Procedure
2.3 Experimental Setting
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Substrate Characterisation
3.2 COD and TVFA Generation
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 25: Comparative Performance Evaluation of Toxicity Assessment Tests on Waste Li-Ion Laptop Batteries
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 JLT-13 (Used in Tables and Figures as JLT)
2.2 GB5086.1-1997 (Used in Tables and Figures as GB)
2.3 NEN 7341 (Used in Tables and Figures as NEN)
2.4 DIN 38414 S4 (Used in Tables and Figures as DIN)
2.5 NIEA R201.12C (Used in Tables and Figures as NIEA)
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 26: Recycling Construction and Demolition Waste: Potential Applications and the Indian Scenario
1 Introduction
2 Global Scenario
3 Indian Scenario
4 Challenges
5 Current Indian Regulations and Guidelines
6 Research Findings
7 Concept of Deconstruction
8 Potential Applications
9 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 27: Biochemical Methane Potential and Kinetics of Parthenium hysterophorous with Different Food to Microorganisms (F/M) Ratios
1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods
2.1 Substrate and Inoculum
2.2 BMP Test
2.3 Analysis of Sample
3 Result and Discussion
3.1 Initial Characterisation of Parthenium hysterophorous and Inoculums
3.2 BMP Test
3.2.1 Biogas Production
3.2.2 Volatile Solid
3.2.3 Effect of sCOD
3.2.4 VFA
4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 28: Removal of Lead and Copper by Using Bentonite as an Adsorbent
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Characterisation of Bentonite
2.2 Reagents and Solutions
2.3 pH Study
2.4 Batch Sorption Study
2.5 Kinetic Study of Metals on Bentonite
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Influence of pH on Bentonite
3.2 Influence of Initial Concentration of Cu2+ and Pb2+
3.3 Influence of Contact Time in the Presence of Cu2+ and Pb2+
3.4 Influence of Agitation Speed in the Presence of Cu2+ and Pb2+
4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 29: Impact of Precipitation on Biodegradation of Fresh Municipal Solid Waste in Anaerobic Simulated Reactor
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Collection of MSW Material
2.2 Initial Characterization of Waste
2.3 Setup of Landfill Simulation Reactor
2.4 Characterization of Leachate
2.5 Reactor Monitoring
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Initial Characterization of MSW (Large-scale Reactor Study)
3.2 Comparison of Leachate Parameters with and without Rainfall Addition
3.2.1 pH
3.3 Electrical Conductivity
3.4 Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA)
3.5 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)
3.6 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
3.7 BOD5/COD Ratio
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 30: Scope of Renewable Energy Intervention for Energy Sufficiency in Nagaland
1 Introduction
1.1 Nagaland
1.2 Energy Status in Nagaland
2 Renewable Energy Sources Available In Nagaland
2.1 Solar Energy Resource
2.2 Hydroenergy Resource
2.3 Wind Energy Resource
2.4 Biomass Energy Resource
3 Status of Energy Use In Nagaland
4 Energy Potential and Project Initiatives In Nagaland
4.1 Hydrop Plant
4.2 Solar Energy
4.3 Wind Energy
4.4 Biomass Energy
5 Technological Intervention
5.1 Hydropower
5.2 Solar Energy
5.3 Wind Energy
5.4 Biomass Energy
6 Conclusion
References
Index