Insect Ecology, Second Edition: An Ecosystem Approach

✍ Scribed by Timothy D. Schowalter (Author)

• Year: 2006
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 585
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Dr. Timothy Schowalter has succeeded in creating a unique, updated treatment of insect ecology. This revised and expanded text looks at how insects adapt to environmental conditions while maintaining the ability to substantially alter their environment. It covers a range of topics- from individual insects that respond to local changes in the environment and affect resource distribution, to entire insect communities that have the capacity to modify ecosystem conditions.Insect Ecology, Second Edition, synthesizes the latest research in the field and has been produced in full color throughout. It is ideal for students in both entomology and ecology-focused programs. NEW TO THIS EDITION: New topics such as elemental defense by plants, chaotic models, molecular methods to measure disperson, food web relationships, and more Expanded sections on plant defenses, insect learning, evolutionary tradeoffs, conservation biology and more Includes more than 350 new references More than 40 new full-color figures

✦ Table of Contents

Title page......Page 4
Copyright page......Page 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 12
1: Overview......Page 14
I. SCOPE OF INSECT ECOLOGY......Page 16
II. ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY......Page 17
B. The Hierarchy of Subsystems......Page 19
C. Regulation......Page 21
III. ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND DISTURBANCE......Page 22
IV. ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO INSECT ECOLOGY......Page 24
V. SCOPE OF THIS BOOK......Page 25
SECTION I: ECOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL INSECTS......Page 28
2: Responses to Abiotic Conditions......Page 30
A. Biomes......Page 31
B. Environmental Variation......Page 36
C. Disturbances......Page 41
II. SURVIVING VARIABLE ABIOTIC CONDITIONS......Page 45
A. Thermoregulation......Page 47
B. Water Balance......Page 51
C. Air and Water Chemistry......Page 54
D. Other Abiotic Factors......Page 56
B. Crowding......Page 58
D. Habitat and Resource Conditions......Page 59
E. Mechanism of Dispersal......Page 60
IV. RESPONSES TO ANTHROPOGENIC CHANGES......Page 62
V. SUMMARY......Page 64
I. RESOURCE QUALITY......Page 66
A. Resource Requirements......Page 67
B. Variation in Food Quality......Page 68
C. Plant Chemical Defenses......Page 71
D. Arthropod Defenses......Page 78
E. Factors Affecting Expression of Defenses......Page 82
F. Mechanisms for Exploiting Variable Resources......Page 87
II. RESOURCE ACCEPTABILITY......Page 90
III. RESOURCE AVAILABILITY......Page 93
A. Foraging Strategies......Page 94
B. Orientation......Page 96
C. Learning......Page 101
IV. SUMMARY......Page 105
I. RESOURCE BUDGET......Page 108
A. Resource Acquisition......Page 110
B. Mating Activity......Page 112
C. Reproductive and Social Behavior......Page 117
D. Competitive, Defensive, and Mutualistic Behavior......Page 121
A. Factors Affecting Efficiency......Page 130
B. Tradeoffs......Page 132
IV. SUMMARY......Page 134
SECTION II: POPULATION ECOLOGY......Page 136
A. Density......Page 138
B. Dispersion......Page 139
C. Metapopulation Structure......Page 142
D. Age Structure......Page 143
F. Genetic Composition......Page 145
G. Social Insects......Page 149
A. Natality......Page 150
B. Mortality......Page 151
C. Dispersal......Page 154
III. LIFE HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS......Page 157
IV. PARAMETER ESTIMATION......Page 159
V. SUMMARY......Page 164
6: Population Dynamics......Page 166
I. POPULATION FLUCTUATION......Page 167
II. FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION SIZE......Page 170
A. Density-Independent Factors......Page 171
B. Density-Dependent Factors......Page 176
C. Regulatory Mechanisms......Page 177
A. Exponential and Geometric Models......Page 181
B. Logistic Model......Page 182
C. Complex Models......Page 183
D. Computerized Models......Page 184
E. Model Evaluation......Page 187
IV. SUMMARY......Page 189
7: Biogeography......Page 192
A. Global Patterns......Page 193
B. Regional Patterns......Page 194
C. Island Biogeography......Page 195
D. Landscape and Stream Continuum Patterns......Page 196
II. SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF POPULATIONS......Page 198
A. Expanding Populations......Page 200
B. Metapopulation Dynamics......Page 205
III. ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS ON SPATIAL DYNAMICS......Page 208
A. Fragmentation......Page 209
B. Disturbances to Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 212
C. Species Introductions......Page 213
IV. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY......Page 214
V. MODELS OF SPATIAL DYNAMICS......Page 217
VI. SUMMARY......Page 221
SECTION III: COMMUNITY ECOLOGY......Page 224
I. CLASSES OF INTERACTIONS......Page 226
A. Competition......Page 227
B. Predation......Page 232
C. Symbiosis......Page 237
A. Abiotic Conditions......Page 250
B. Resource Availability and Distribution......Page 251
C. Indirect Effects of Other Species......Page 252
B. Community Regulation......Page 259
IV. SUMMARY......Page 260
9: Community Structure......Page 264
A. Species Diversity......Page 265
B. Species Interactions......Page 274
C. Functional Organization......Page 280
II. PATTERNS OF COMMUNITY STRUCTURE......Page 282
A. Global Patterns......Page 283
B. Biome and Landscape Patterns......Page 284
A. Habitat Area and Complexity......Page 288
C. Resource Availability......Page 290
D. Species Interactions......Page 291
IV. SUMMARY......Page 294
10: Community Dynamics......Page 296
I. SHORT-TERM CHANGE IN COMMUNITY STRUCTURE......Page 297
II. SUCCESSIONAL CHANGE IN COMMUNITY STRUCTURE......Page 299
A. Patterns of Succession......Page 301
B. Factors Affecting Succession......Page 307
C. Models of Succession......Page 311
III. PALEOECOLOGY......Page 315
IV. DIVERSITY VERSUS STABILITY......Page 318
A. Components of Stability......Page 320
B. Stability of Community Variables......Page 321
V. SUMMARY......Page 324
SECTION IV: ECOSYSTEM LEVEL......Page 326
11: Ecosystem Structure and Function......Page 328
I. ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE......Page 329
A. Trophic Structure......Page 330
II. ENERGY FLOW......Page 332
A. Primary Productivity......Page 333
B. Secondary Productivity......Page 336
C. Energy Budgets......Page 337
III. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING......Page 339
A. Abiotic and Biotic Pools......Page 340
B. Major Cycles......Page 341
C. Factors Influencing Cycling Processes......Page 346
IV. CLIMATE MODIFICATION......Page 349
V. ECOSYSTEM MODELING......Page 353
VI. SUMMARY......Page 357
12: Herbivory......Page 360
B. Measurement of Herbivory......Page 361
C. Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Herbivory......Page 365
II. EFFECTS OF HERBIVORY......Page 371
A. Plant Productivity, Survival, and Growth Form......Page 373
B. Community Dynamics......Page 380
C. Water and Nutrient Fluxes......Page 386
D. Effects on Climate and Disturbance Regime......Page 392
III. SUMMARY......Page 394
13: Pollination, Seed Predation, and Seed Dispersal......Page 396
A. Pollinator Functional Groups......Page 397
B. Measurement of Pollination......Page 400
C. Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Pollination......Page 401
II. EFFECTS OF POLLINATION......Page 403
A. Seed Predator and Disperser Functional Groups......Page 407
B. Measurement of Seed Predation and Dispersal......Page 408
C. Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Seed Predation and Dispersal......Page 413
IV. EFFECTS OF SEED PREDATION AND DISPERSAL......Page 414
V. SUMMARY......Page 416
14: Decomposition and Pedogenesis......Page 418
A. Detritivore and Burrower Functional Groups......Page 419
B. Measurement of Detritivory, Burrowing, and Decomposition Rates......Page 421
C. Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Processing of Detritus and Soil......Page 424
A. Decomposition and Mineralization......Page 429
B. Soil Structure, Fertility, and Infiltration......Page 438
C. Primary Production and Vegetation Dynamics......Page 443
III. SUMMARY......Page 446
15: Insects as Regulators of Ecosystem Processes......Page 450
I. DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT......Page 451
A. Properties of Cybernetic Systems......Page 455
B. Ecosystem Homeostasis......Page 456
C. Definition of Stability......Page 458
D. Regulation of Net Primary Productivity by Biodiversity......Page 461
E. Regulation of Net Primary Productivity by Insects......Page 467
III. SUMMARY......Page 472
SECTION V: SYNTHESIS......Page 476
16: Synthesis......Page 478
I. SUMMARY......Page 479
II. SYNTHESIS......Page 480
III. APPLICATIONS......Page 482
A. Management of Crop, Forest, and Urban “Pests”......Page 483
B. Conservation/Restoration Ecology......Page 487
C. Indicators of Environmental Conditions......Page 488
IV. CRITICAL ISSUES......Page 489
V. CONCLUSIONS......Page 495
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 496
AUTHOR INDEX......Page 550
TAXONOMIC INDEX......Page 558
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 564
EXTENDED PERMISSIONS LIST......Page 582