Inorganic Trace Analytics: Trace Element Analysis and Speciation

✍ Scribed by Matusiewicz H., Bulska E. (ed.)

• Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
• Year: 2018
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 458
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Highly accurate chemical speciation is of great importance in environmental, clinical, and food sciences, as well as in archaeometry. Trace analysis via atomic spectrometry, mass spectroscopy, gas chromatography, electron microprobing, or X-ray absorption spectroscopy provides detailed information on surface and sub-surface domain of samples. The book comprehensively presents modern techniques, timely application, and data modeling.
Practical How-to-do approach.
Evaluates pro's and con's of different techniques.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Also of Interest
Inorganic Trace Analytics: Trace Element Analysis and Speciation
Copyright
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Trace Elements in Environmental, Biological and Industrial Samples
Part I: Methodology in Trace Element Determination
1. Sample Preparation for Inorganic Trace Element Analysis
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Aspects of sampling and sample preservation
1.2.1 Sample
1.2.2 Specimen
1.2.3 Random sampling
1.2.4 Systematic sampling
1.2.5 Representative sampling
1.2.6 Composite sampling
1.2.7 Subsampling
1.3 Error sources during the analytical procedure
1.3.1 Blank
1.3.2 Contamination
1.3.3 Reagents
1.3.4 Materials
1.3.5 Contamination by sample handling
1.3.6 Losses
1.4 Sample treatment after the sampling process
1.5 Decomposition as a sample preparation method for elemental analysis: an analytical perspective
1.5.1 Sample decomposition techniques
1.5.1.1 Wet chemical decomposition
1.5.1.2 Flow systems
1.5.1.3 Vapor-phase acid decomposition
1.5.1.4 Efficiency of wet decomposition procedures
1.5.1.5 Comparison of wet decomposition techniques
1.5.1.6 Decomposition systems
1.5.1.7 Safety of acid decomposition
1.5.1.8 Combustion
1.5.1.9 Fusion decomposition
1.6 Conclusions and future trends
Funding
References
2. Analytical Techniques for Trace Element Determination
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Spectroscopic techniques
2.2.1 Atomic absorption spectrometry
2.2.2 Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
2.2.3 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
2.2.3.1 Isotopic dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-ICP MS)
2.2.4 Laser ablation ICPMS
2.3 Electrochemical techniques
2.4 Other techniques used for trace analysis
2.4.1 Techniques uses X-ray
2.4.2 Activation analysis
References
Part II: Matrices – Selected applications
3. Trace Elements in the Environment
3.1 General aspects of environmental analysis
3.2 Trace elements (general information, ecological importance, common species in the nature)
3.2.1 General information on trace elements
3.2.1.1 Arsenic
3.2.1.2 Cadmium
3.2.1.3 Mercury
3.2.1.4 Chromium
3.2.1.5 Selenium
3.2.1.6 Antimony
3.2.1.7 Nickel
3.2.1.8 Cobalt
3.2.1.9 Lead
3.2.1.10 Tin
3.2.1.11 Copper
3.2.1.12 Tellurium
3.2.1.13 Iron
3.2.1.14 Aluminum
3.3 Environmental monitoring
3.4 Determination of trace elements in environmental samples
3.5 Environmental matrices – general characteristics and analytical aspects
3.5.1 Natural waters
3.5.2 Soils
3.5.3 Sediments
3.5.4 Air, airborne particles
3.6 Speciation analysis in the environment samples
3.6.1 Types of chromatographic techniques used in speciation analysis
3.7 Isotopic analysis
3.7.1 Use the isotope ratios as a tool for investigation of environmental pollution
3.8 Metrological aspects of environmental monitoring of trace elements
3.8.1 Use of reference materials
3.8.1.1 Reference material
3.8.1.2 Certified reference material
3.8.2 Measurement uncertainty in the environment analysis: study case
3.8.3 Practical aspects on the traceability of trace elements in environmental samples
References
Annex
4. Food Analysis and Speciation
4.1 Topics, elements and species of interest
4.2 Determination of total elements
4.3 Speciation schemes and analysis of selected food matrices
4.3.1 Mercury
4.3.2 Arsenic
4.3.3 Selenium
4.3.4 Other elements
4.4 Future perspectives in food analysis and speciation
Acknowledgments
References
5. Trace Element and Speciation Analysis of Biological Samples
5.1 Trace element analysis of biological samples
5.1.1 Sampling, sample storage and sampling treatment
5.2 Element speciation of biological samples
5.2.1 Sampling, sample storage and sample treatment
5.3 Elements
References
6. Forensic Analysis of Microtraces
6.1 Characterisation of forensic microtraces
6.2 Analytical methodology
6.3 Evidence materials
6.3.1 GSR – inorganic gunshot residue
6.3.2 Airbag deployment residues
6.3.3 Paint
6.3.4 Glass
6.3.4.1 Introduction
6.3.4.2 Preliminary examinations
6.3.4.3 The elemental analysis of glass fragments
6.3.4.4 Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry
6.3.4.5 Micro-X-ray fluorescence
6.3.4.6 Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
6.3.5 Evidential materials – summary
References
7. Industrial Analysis and Speciation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 A brief historical overview of the development of metallurgical analytics
7.3 Fields of application of the analytical techniques in metallurgy
7.4 Range of materials
7.5 Developments in metallurgical analytics
7.6 Determination of chemical composition of metal alloys and other industrial materials
7.7 The concept of speciation in relation to metallurgy and materials engineering
7.8 Chemical and electrochemical phase extraction
7.8.1 Chemical phase extraction
7.8.2 Electrochemical phase extraction
7.9 Techniques of testing isolates
7.10 Determination of chemical composition of isolates – speciation analysis
7.11 AAS in metallurgy
7.12 Flow injection technique combined with flame atomic absorption method
7.13 Application of alternative analytical lines
7.14 Calibration methods used in FAAS, including methods based on one reference standard
7.15 Determination of aluminium in steel as a typical example of speciation analysis in metallurgy
7.16 Tool alloys – speciation and speciation analysis – determination of chemical composition of carbide phase isolates
7.17 Speciation and speciation analysis in multicomponent nickel-based alloys
7.18 Studies of speciation in creep-resistant Fe–Ni alloys
7.19 Introduction to speciation and speciation analysis of chromium in welding dust
7.19.1 Description and characteristic of laboratory stands
7.19.2 Methodology of total dust emission determination
7.19.3 Methodology of drawing of dust samples for chemical analysis
7.20 Summary
References
Part III: Inorganic and Bioinorganic Speciation Analysis at Trace Level
8. Quality of Results in Trace Element and Speciation Analysis
8.2 General aspects of QA and QC
8.1 Introduction
8.2 General aspects of QA and QC
8.3 Validation of analytical procedure
8.4 Traceability of analytical results
8.4.1 Reference materials
8.4.1.1 Pure substances and calibrating materials
8.4.1.2 Matrix RMs
8.5 Monitoring of the quality of analytical results
8.6 Conclusions
References
9. Sample Pretreatment for Trace Speciation Analysis
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sampling and sample transport
9.2.1 Selection of vessels
9.2.2 Contamination of the sample with various substances
9.2.3 Elimination of UV-Vis irradiation
9.2.4 Oxidation and desorption of carbon dioxide
9.2.5 Solid sample for fractionation study
9.2.6 Temperature lowering just after sampling
9.3 Sampling with some pretreatment on sampling site
9.3.1 Suspended matter separation – fractionation in water
9.3.2 Chemical modification of the sample
9.4 Short- and long-term storage
9.4.1 Dehydration of samples
9.5 Extraction as a method of sample pretreatment for speciation analysis
9.5.1 SPE – water analysis
9.5.2 Extraction in fractionation study
9.6 Conclusion
References
10. Solid-Phase Extraction in Fractionation of Trace Elements
10.1 Background
10.2 Operationally defined fractionation of elements through SPE
10.2.1 Unary and binary fractionations using one-column SPE approaches
10.2.2 Binary and tertiary fractionations using two-column SPE approaches
10.2.3 Characterization of sorbents
10.3 QA and QC of the chemical fractionation analysis by the SPE
10.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Index