Innovations in Environmental Biotechnology

✍ Scribed by Sudipti Arora (editor), Ashwani Kumar (editor), Shinjiro Ogita (editor), Yuan- Yeu Yau (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 959
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The book has 2 sections; Section A focuses on Environmental Sustainability and Green Technology and Section B covers Emerging Technologies in Environmental Biotechnology. The book introducesEnvironmental biotechnology as a tool to progress towards sustainable development goals and covers green technologies such as Bio-plastics, Third generation hybrid technology for algal biomass production, wastewater treatment and greenhouse gas mitigation, Green vaccination, Bio-fuels, Microbial enzymes, Bioelectrical systems, eco-friendly handmade paper production, nature based sanitation solutions, and greener ways to tackle air pollution along with the application of GIS to monitor & manage COVDI19 pandemic. The Section B covers emerging & innovative technologies such as vermifiltration, Small scale PVA gel based innovative solution for wastewater treatment, Cyclic technology based sequencing batch reactors (SBR) and role of Role of Bio-selectors in Performing Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification in SBR’s. It holistically covers essential information on Enzymatic Biotransformation and Biopolymer based nanocomposites for dye waste treatment, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi assisted Bioremediation of heavy metals, Coir Retting and Duckweeds: The Tiny Creatures for Resolving the Major Environmental Issues. It is a promising book for researchers, academicians, teachers, students, industrial enterprises, policy makers, public health officials and general users. The book is closely aligned to curricula of post graduate courses in biotechnology, microbiology, environmental biotechnology and environmental science.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Preface
Part I: Environmental Sustainability and Green Technology
Part II: Emerging Technologies in Environmental Biotechnology
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Part I: Environmental Sustainability and Green Technologies
Part II: Emerging Technologies in Environmental Biotechnology
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I: Environmental Sustainability and Green Technology
1: The Use of Environmental Biotechnology: A Tool to Progress Towards Sustainable Development Goals
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Role of Biotechnology in Development and Sustainability
1.3 Objectives of Environmental Biotechnology (According to Agenda 21)
1.4 Implementation of Environmental Biotechnology
1.4.1 Bioremediation
1.4.1.1 Factors Affecting Rates of Biodegradation
1.4.1.2 Primary Substrate Utilization
1.4.1.3 Co-metabolism (Utilization of Secondary Substrates)
1.4.1.4 Bioremediation Techniques
1.4.2 Biomarker
1.4.2.1 Pollution Biomarker
1.4.2.2 Potential Biomarkers
1.4.2.3 Environmental Biomonitoring
1.4.3 Bioenergy
1.4.3.1 Bioenergy and Biofuels
1.4.3.2 Type of Biological Resources for Bioenergy
Microalgae Biomass
Agricultural Crop
1.4.4 Use of Synthetic Biology in Biofuel Production
1.4.4.1 Biotransformation
1.4.4.2 Enzymatic Stages of Biotransformation
1.4.4.3 In Situ and Ex Situ Methods
1.4.5 Biosensors
1.4.5.1 Biosensors for Monitoring Biochemical Oxygen Demand
1.4.5.2 Biosensors for Monitoring Pesticides
1.4.5.3 Biosensors for Monitoring Phenols
1.4.6 Molecular Ecology
1.5 Conclusion
References
2: Environment Sustainability and Role of Biotechnology
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Applications of Biotechnology
2.2.1 Transgenic Crops/Plants
2.2.1.1 Crops Tolerant to Biotic Stresses
2.2.1.2 Crops Tolerant to Abiotic Stresses
2.2.1.3 Nitrogen Fixation in Cereal/Non-legumes
2.2.2 Mitigation of Environmental Deterioration
2.2.2.1 Bioremediation
2.2.2.2 Phytoremediation of Polluted Soils/Water Ecosystems
2.2.3 Bioenergy for Eco-Friendly Fuels (Microbes and Biofuel: Toward a Brighter Future)
2.3 Environmental Safety and Concluding Remarks
References
3: Global Environmental Problems: A Nexus Between Climate, Human Health and COVID 19 and Evolving Mitigation Strategies
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Anthropocene
3.2.1 Global Warming
3.2.2 Energy Production and Use
3.2.3 Climate Change
3.3 Climate Change
3.4 Climate Change and Human Health Impacts
3.4.1 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
3.4.2 Clinical Presentation
3.4.3 Treatment Modalities
3.4.4 Diagnostics
3.4.4.1 New-Generation Diagnostics
3.5 Climate Change Control Measures
3.5.1 The Role of United Nations and Its Agencies
3.5.2 Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES)
3.6 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
3.6.1 Climate Adaptation
3.6.2 Climate Mitigation
3.6.2.1 The Role of Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)
3.6.2.2 Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS)
3.7 Deforestation and Restoration Measures
3.7.1 Great Green Wall (GGW)
3.8 Renewable Energy Sources
3.8.1 Biomass, Bioenergy, and Biofuels
3.9 Future Perspectives
3.10 Discussion
3.11 Conclusion
References
4: Environment and Green Technology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Nondegradable Toxic Pollutants
4.3 Green Technology
4.3.1 History
4.3.2 Trending Green Technologies
4.3.2.1 Bioremediation
4.3.2.2 Phytoremediation
4.3.2.3 Bioaugmentation
4.3.2.4 Bioflocculation
4.3.2.5 Biosurfactant
4.3.2.6 Biocatalyst
4.3.2.7 Biocomposite
4.3.2.8 Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)
4.3.2.9 Constructed Wetlands (CWs)
4.3.2.10 Nanogreen Technology (NGT)
4.4 Advantages of Green Technology
4.5 Disadvantages of Green Technology
4.6 Marketing Prospects of Green Technologies
4.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
5: Sustainable Technology: Foresight to Green Ecosystem
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Environment Sustainability
5.1.2 Bioenergy
5.1.2.1 Biofuel
5.1.2.2 Biogas
5.2 Components of a Sustainable Technology
5.2.1 Domains
5.2.1.1 Ecological Domain
Atmosphere
Water Usage
Food Supply
Land Usage
5.2.1.2 Economical Domain
Environmental Economics
5.2.1.3 Sociocultural/Human Domain
5.2.2 Principles of Sustainability
5.3 Assessing Potential Green Technology
5.3.1 Principles of Green Technology
5.3.2 The Various Types of Green Technology
5.3.2.1 Green Chemistry
5.3.2.2 Green Energy
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Water Energy
5.4 Development of Newer Technology from Conventional Methods
5.4.1 Solar Energy
5.4.2 Wind Energy
5.4.2.1 Advantages of Wind Energy
5.4.2.2 Disadvantages of Wind Energy
5.4.3 Water Energy
5.4.3.1 Advantages of Water Energy (Santamarta 2020)
5.4.3.2 Disadvantages of Water Energy (Santamarta 2020)
5.4.4 Recycling
5.5 Application of Modern Technology in Different Sectors
5.5.1 Agricultural Sector
5.5.1.1 Machine Learning
5.5.1.2 Irrigation Control
5.5.1.3 Liquid Nanoclay (LNC) Technology
5.5.1.4 Biopesticides
5.5.1.5 Vertical Farming
5.5.2 Domestic Sector
5.5.2.1 Solar Heaters
5.5.2.2 Solar Panel
5.5.2.3 Geothermal Heat Pump
5.5.3 Social Architecture Sector
5.5.3.1 Passive Solar Design
5.5.3.2 Green Building Material
5.5.3.3 Green Walls
References
6: Green Technology for Bioplastics Towards Sustainable Environment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 History
6.3 Structural Properties of PHA
6.4 Production
6.4.1 Coproduction of PHAs
6.5 Microorganisms
6.6 Media
6.7 Biosynthesis of PHA (Fig. 6.2)
6.8 Fermentation
6.8.1 Outlook for Industrial-Scale Production of PHA
6.9 Recovery
6.10 Applications of PHA
6.11 Conclusion
References
7: Green Vaccination: Smart Plant Health Care for Human Welfare
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Priming: An Alternative to Direct Activation of Defense
7.2.1 Priming Stimuli
7.2.1.1 Chemical Compounds and Plant Hormones
7.2.1.2 Herbivore
7.2.1.3 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
7.2.1.4 Vitamins
7.2.1.5 Biostimulants
7.2.1.6 Tree Priming
7.3 Proteomics and Priming
7.4 Transgenerational Immune Priming (TGIP)
7.5 Priming: Green Vaccination
7.6 Future Prospect: Plant Defence Priming and Nanotechnology
7.7 Future Challenges
7.8 Conclusion
References
8: Role of Emerging Green Technology in Remediation of Toxic Pollutants
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Role of Nanotechnology in Remediation of Toxic Pollutants
8.2.1 Titanium Dioxide Mediated Photodegradation of Pollutant
8.2.2 Effect of Green Synthesized Carbon-Doped Titanium Dioxide
8.2.3 Effect of Green Synthesized Gold and Palladium-Doped Titanium Dioxide
8.3 Role of Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Technology in Remediation
8.3.1 Application of Quorum-Sensing Technology in Remediation
8.3.2 Application of Biofilm Technology in Remediation
8.3.3 Remediation of Heavy Metals Using Biofilm
8.3.4 Remediation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Biofilm
8.4 Role of Genetic or Transgenic Technology in Remediation of Pollutants
8.4.1 Application of Plant in Remediation
8.4.2 Application of Transgenic Plants in Remediation
8.4.3 Role of Target Genes Involved in Remediation
8.4.4 Target Gene(s) in Transgenic for Remediation
8.5 Application of Electrochemical Technique in Remediation of Toxic Pollutants
8.5.1 Basic Approach of Electrochemical Study for Process Achievement
8.5.2 Electrochemical Remediation of Cr(VI)
8.5.3 Process of Electrochemical Remediation of Organic Pollutants
8.6 Conclusions
References
9: Biofuel as a Sustainable Option to Control Environmental Changes
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Classification of Biofuel
9.1.1.1 First-Generation Biofuel
9.1.1.2 Second-Generation Biofuel
9.1.1.3 Lignocellulosic Feedstock
Agriculture Residues
Forest Residues
9.1.1.4 Production of Second-Generation Biofuel
Thermochemical Conversion
Pyrolysis
Conventional PyrolysisConventional Pyrolysis
Fast PyrolysisFast Pyrolysis
Biochemical Conversion
9.1.2 Third-Generation Biofuel
9.1.2.1 Cultivation of Algal Biomass
Open Ponds
Closed-Loops System
Photo-Bioreactors
9.1.2.2 Harvesting of Algal Biomass
9.1.2.3 Conversion of Algal Biomass into Energy
Mechanical Extraction
9.1.3 Fourth-Generation Biofuel
9.1.3.1 Growth of Genetically Modified Algae
Contained System
Uncontained System
9.1.3.2 Strategies Used to Increase the Production Rate of Lipid
9.1.3.3 Strain Selection
9.1.3.4 Methods to Produce Genetically Modified Algae
9.1.3.5 Cyanobacteria
9.2 Types of Biofuel
9.2.1 Bio-ethanol
9.2.2 Bio-diesel
9.2.2.1 Biodiesel Production by Trans-esterification
Procedure
Types of Trans-esterification
Extractive Esterification
In Situ Esterification
Biodiesel Gelling and Temperature
Effects on Engine
9.2.3 Bio-gas
9.2.3.1 Environmental Impacts of Biogas
9.2.3.2 Production of Biogas by Algae
9.3 Adaptation and Reduction in Climate Change
9.4 Role of Biomass in Climate Change
9.5 Bioethanol and Biodiesel for Climate Change Reduction
9.6 The Life Cycle of Carbon
9.7 Carbon Isolation Methods
9.8 Isolation of Carbon in Terrestrial Biomass
9.9 Conclusion
References
10: Third-Generation Hybrid Technology for Algal Biomass Production, Wastewater Treatment, and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Third-Generation Biofuels
10.3 Wastewater Treatment
10.3.1 Hybrid Technologies
10.3.2 Steps of Wastewater Treatment
10.3.2.1 Cultivation
10.3.2.2 Physical Treatment
10.3.2.3 Chemical Treatment
10.3.2.4 Use of Consortia of Bacteria Cyanobacteria/Microalgae
10.3.2.5 Overview of Microalgal Nutrient Remediation Mechanisms
10.4 Algal CO2 Fixation
10.5 Algal Ccultivation for Biomass Production
10.6 Bioreactors
10.6.1 Suspended Type Bioreactors
10.6.1.1 Suspended Open High Rate Algal Pond (HRAP)
10.6.1.2 Suspended Closed Photobioreactor (PBR)
10.6.2 Non-suspended Open Algal Biofilms
10.6.3 Non-suspended Enclosed Immobilized Cell System
10.7 Harvesting
10.7.1 Extraction Methods
10.8 Algal Biofuel Production
10.9 Pyrolysis
10.10 Discussion
10.11 Conclusion
References
11: Advances in Biological Nitrogen Removal
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Conventional Nitrogen Transformation Processes and Their Limitations
11.3 Sulphur Oxidizing Autotrophic Denitrification (SOAD)
11.4 Heterotrophic Nitrification Aerobic Denitrification (HNAD)
11.5 Anammoxprocess and Its Combination with Partial Nitritation
11.6 Conclusion
References
12: Application of Microbial Enzymes: Biodegradation of Paper and Pulp Waste
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Use of Various Microbial Enzymes in Paper and Pulp Industry
12.2.1 Application of Various Enzymes
12.2.1.1 Microbial Oxidoreductases
12.2.1.2 Oxygenases
12.2.1.3 Monooxygenases
12.2.1.4 Microbial Dioxygenases
12.2.1.5 Microbial Laccases
12.2.1.6 Microbial Peroxidases
12.2.1.7 Microbial Lipases
12.2.1.8 Microbial Cellulases
12.2.1.9 Microbial Proteases
12.2.1.10 Industries and Pollutants
12.3 Pulping
12.3.1 Biopulping
12.3.2 Effect of Biopulping on Chemical Composition of Raw Materials
12.3.3 Environmental Consequences
12.4 Pulp Bleaching
12.4.1 Biobleaching
12.5 Deinking of Waste Paper
12.5.1 Traditional Method
12.6 Enzymatic Process of De-inking
12.6.1 Ink Degrading Enzymes
12.6.2 Starch Degrading Enzymes
12.7 Enzymatic Catalysis and Biotransformation
12.8 The Delignification of Pulp
12.8.1 Xylanases Mechanism in Delignification of Pulp
12.8.2 Application of Laccases in the Delignification of Pulp
12.8.3 Delignification of Pulp with Fungal Laccases
12.8.4 Delignification of Pulp with Bacterial Laccases
12.8.5 Synergistic Effects of Enzymes Involved in Biobleaching of Pulp
12.9 Role of Enzymes in Pitch Control
12.10 Conclusion
References
13: Microalgal Bioremediation: A Clean and Sustainable Approach for Controlling Environmental Pollution
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Microalgae and Its Biotechnological Importance
13.3 Microalgal Bioremediation
13.3.1 Heavy Metals
13.3.2 Fertilizers, Detergents, and Other Polluting Nutrients
13.3.3 Gaseous Air Pollutants
13.3.4 Pesticides
13.3.5 Pharmaceuticals
13.3.6 Radioactive Substances
13.4 Microalgae-Based Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters
13.5 Conclusion
References
14: Toxicological Impact of Azo Dyes and Their Microbial Degraded Byproducts on Flora and Fauna
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Impact of Azo Dye on Flora and Fauna
14.2.1 Azo Dye Synthesis and Types
14.2.2 Impact of Azo Dye on Flora
14.2.3 Impact of Azo Dye on Fauna
14.3 Pathway of Azo Dye Degradation
14.3.1 Physiochemical Pathway
14.3.2 Microbial Pathway
14.3.3 Enzymatic Pathway
14.4 Impact of Bacterial Degraded Azo Dye Byproducts on Flora and Fauna
14.4.1 Bacterial Degradation of Azo Dye
14.4.2 Impact of Bacterial Azo Dye-Degraded Byproducts on Flora
14.4.3 Impact of Bacterial Azo Dye-Degraded Byproducts on Fauna
14.5 Impact of Fungal Degraded Azo Dye Byproducts on Flora and Fauna
14.5.1 Fungal Degradation of Azo Dye
14.5.2 Impact of Fungal Azo Dye-Degraded Byproducts on Flora
14.5.3 Impact of Fungal Azo Dye Degraded Byproducts on Fauna
14.6 Future Perspective
References
15: Industrial Wastewater Treatment in Bio-electrochemical Systems
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Industrial Wastewater Characteristics and Potential
15.2.1 Pharmaceutical Wastewater (PWW)
15.2.2 Rice Mill Wastewater (RWW)
15.2.3 Textile Wastewater (TWW)
15.3 Bio-electrochemical Systems
15.3.1 Phenolic Compounds
15.3.2 Dyes
15.3.3 Pharmaceutical Compounds
15.4 Zero Liquid Discharge
15.5 Challenges and Limitations
15.6 Future Perspective and Conclusions
References
16: Novel Economic Method for Dynamic Noninvasive Optical Monitoring of Turbidity
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Methods
16.2.1 Design and Procurement of Instruments for Optical Density Measurement System
16.2.1.1 Design Philosophy
16.2.1.2 Camera Sensors
16.2.1.3 Housing
16.2.1.4 Software/Algorithm Setup
16.2.2 Experimental Setup
16.3 Results and Discussion
16.3.1 Transient Growth Curves
16.3.2 Quantitative Comparison of ABS680 and ABSWC Measurements
16.3.3 Novelty of Method and Practical Application
16.4 Conclusion
References
17: Exploring the Less Travelled Path of Ecofriendly Handmade Paper Production
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Paper: An Industrial and Commercial Commodity of Great Use Today
17.1.2 Indian Paper Industry: Present Status and Future Demands
17.1.3 Serious Environmental Concerns of Paper Industry
17.1.4 Handmade Paper: An Ecofriendly Option
17.1.4.1 Differences Between Handmade and Machine-Made Paper
17.1.5 Indian Handmade Paper Industry: Status
17.1.6 Challenges Being Faced by Handmade Paper Industry and the Possible Remedies
17.1.7 Biotechnological Applications for Handmade Paper Industry: Huge Potential
17.2 Solid-State Fermentation of the Bast Fiber of Paper Mulberry: A Case Study
17.2.1 Effect of SSF on Various Parameters of Interest for Handmade Papermaking
17.3 Conclusion
References
18: Exploring the Niche: Real Environment Demonstration and Evaluation of Innovative Nature-Based Sanitation Technologies in a...
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The INNOQUA Project
18.2.1 Lumbrifiltration
18.2.2 Daphniafiltration
18.2.3 BioSolar Purification
18.2.4 UV Disinfection
18.3 Methodology
18.3.1 Setup of the Indian Demonstration Site and Conditions
18.3.1.1 Lumbrifilter
18.3.1.2 Daphniafilter
18.3.1.3 UV Disinfection
18.3.1.4 BioSolar Purification
18.3.2 Analysis Conditions
18.4 Results
18.4.1 Lumbrifilter
18.4.2 Daphniafilter
18.4.3 BioSolar Purification
18.4.4 UV Disinfection
18.4.5 Global Efficiency
18.5 Discussion and the Way Forward
References
19: Problems of Increasing Air Pollution and Certain Management Strategies
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Deteriorating Air Quality
19.2 Sources of Air Pollution
19.2.1 Natural Sources
19.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources
19.3 Types of Air Pollution
19.4 Air Quality Standards and Major Pollution Disasters
19.5 Increasing Pollution Due to SO2
19.5.1 Vehicular Sources as Pollution of SO2
19.5.2 Changes in Pollution Levels of SO2 and NOx during COVID-19
19.5.3 Effect of Sulfur Dioxide on Plants
19.5.4 Impact of Sulfur Dioxide Pollution on Monuments
19.6 Pollution Due to Biomass Burning
19.7 Pollution Due to Volatile Organic Compounds
19.8 Pollution Due to PM10 and PM2.5
19.9 Pollution Due to Smog
19.10 Indoor Air Pollution
19.11 Problems of Biodeterioration by Biopollutants
19.11.1 Biodeterioration by Bacteria Cyanobacteria and Algae
19.11.2 Problems of Biodeterioration by Fungal Pollutants
19.12 Air Pollution and Human Health
19.13 Mitigation of Air Pollution
19.13.1 Air Pollution Mitigation Through Plants
19.13.2 Reduction of Air Pollutants in Power Plants and Industries
19.13.3 Air Pollution Control Devices
19.13.3.1 Cyclone Dust Collectors
19.13.3.2 Dry Sorption
19.13.3.3 Sodium Bicarbonate for Efficiency and Low Residue Levels
19.13.4 Reduction in Vehicular Pollution
19.13.5 Reduction in Indoor Air Pollution
19.13.6 Control of Biopollutants
19.14 Role of Environmental Awareness
19.15 Conclusion
References
20: Applications of Geographic Information Science and Technology to Monitor and Manage the COVID-19 Pandemic
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Description of the Global COVID-19 Pandemic
20.3 Geographic Information Science and Global Positioning System
20.4 Benefits of Applying GIS to Monitor and Manage Pandemics
20.5 Previous Limitations to Epidemiological GIS Analysis
20.6 GIS Concepts of Importance for COVID-19 Studies
20.7 Current COVID-19 Near-Real-Time Maps and Dashboards
20.8 Environmental GIS Applications During the Lockdowns
20.8.1 Impact on Wildlife Movements
20.8.2 Impact on Air Pollution
20.8.3 Impact on Noise Pollution
20.8.4 Impact on Water Turbidity
20.9 Wastewater-Based Epidemiology
20.10 Other GIS Applications
20.11 Survey of Technologies Used to Monitor and Manage the Pandemic
20.11.1 Contact Tracing Apps
20.11.2 Apps That Record the Sounds of COVID-19
20.11.3 Drones
20.11.4 Robots
20.12 Future Ways to Improve the Analyses
20.13 Conclusions
References
Part II: Emerging Technologies in Environmental Biotechnology
21: Emerging Technologies in Environmental Biotechnology
21.1 Introduction
21.1.1 Sources of Environmental Contamination
21.2 Conventional Methods to Remove Environmental Contaminants
21.2.1 Biodegradation
21.2.2 Bioremediation
21.2.3 Biocomposting
21.2.4 Bioenergy
21.2.5 Biotransformation
21.2.6 Biocatalysis
21.2.7 Biomarkers
21.2.8 Microbial Remediation: Microbes in Remediation
21.2.9 Phytoremediation: Plants in Remediation
21.2.10 Microorganisms in Bioremediation
21.2.11 Various Technologies in Plastic Degradation
21.2.12 Microbial Biofilms in Bioremediation Technology
21.2.13 Heavy Metal Bioremediation by EPS
21.2.14 Quorum Sensing in Biofilms
21.2.15 Bioreactor Technology in Bioremediation
21.2.16 Microbial Enzyme Technology in Bioremediation
21.2.17 Systemics Biology and Bioremediation
21.2.18 Genomic Technologies in Microbial Bioremediation
21.2.19 In Silico Approach in Bioremediation: Constraint-Based Modeling of Metabolism
21.2.20 Nanoremediation: An Emerging Field in Environmental Biotechnology
21.2.21 Computational Biology in Environmental Biotechnology
21.3 Conclusion
References
22: Advanced and Ecofriendly Technologies for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater to Constrain Environmental Pollution
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Industrial Wastewater and Their Contamination in Environment
22.2.1 Pulp and Paper Industry
22.2.2 Tannery Industry
22.2.3 Distillery Industry
22.3 Advance Wastewater Treatment Technologies
22.3.1 Biological Treatment
22.3.2 Phytoremediation
22.3.3 Electrokinetic Phytoremediation
22.3.4 Microbial Fuel Cells
22.4 Challenges and Future Prospects
22.5 Conclusions
References
23: Vermifiltration Technology as a Sustainable Solution for Wastewater Treatment: Performance Evaluation, Applicability, and ...
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Design Operation
23.3 Mechanistic Insights: Earthworm-Microorganisms Interactions
23.4 Applications of Vermifiltration Process
23.4.1 Booming Vermitechnology in India
23.4.2 Vermifiltration Associated with Plants
23.5 Conclusions
References
24: Vermifiltration: A Novel Sustainable and Innovative Technology for Wastewater Treatment
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Vermifiltration Process
24.2.1 Role of Earthworm Gut Microflora and Enzymes in Vermifiltration
24.2.2 Nutrient Dynamics Observed in the Vermifiltration Process
24.3 Factors Affecting Vermifiltration Process
24.4 Pathogen Removal during Vermifiltration Process
24.5 Sustainability by Vermifiltration Technology
24.5.1 LEISA: Low External Input for Sustainable Agriculture
24.6 Vermifiltration as an Innovative Technique for Environmental Protection
24.7 Conclusion
References
25: Small-Scale PVA Gel-Based Innovative Solution for Wastewater Treatment
25.1 Introduction and Technical Details
25.2 Materials and Methods
25.2.1 On-Site Parameter Analysis
25.2.2 Physicochemical Analysis
25.2.3 Bacteriological Analysis
25.2.4 16S rRNA Analysis of PVA Gel Beads
25.2.4.1 DNA Extraction
25.2.4.2 PCR Amplification and Cloning
25.2.4.3 Sequencing and Analysis
25.2.4.4 Abundance
25.2.5 Microfauna Analysis
25.3 Results and Discussion
25.3.1 Monthly Performance of STP
25.3.1.1 pH, DO, ORP Observations
25.3.1.2 Operational Sludge Parameters
25.3.1.3 COD, BOD, and TSS Removal
25.3.1.4 Ammonia-N and Total Nitrogen (TN) Removal Efficiency
25.3.1.5 Chemical Phosphorus Removal
25.3.1.6 Pathogen Removal
25.4 Microbial Diversity in PVA Gel Beads
25.4.1 Phylogenetic Analysis of Biomass in the PVA Gel Beads
25.4.1.1 Microbial Diversity and Their Functional Roles
25.4.1.2 Organic Removal Species
25.4.1.3 Nitrification Species
25.4.1.4 Denitrifiers
25.4.2 Abundance of Microbes in Relation to Metabolic Pathways
25.4.3 Microscopic Analysis and Sludge Settleability
25.4.4 Settling Characteristics
25.5 Characteristics of the Dewatered Sludge
25.6 Conclusions
References
26: Cyclic Technology-Based Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBR) Treating Municipal Wastewater: Full-Scale Experience
26.1 SBR Process Description
26.1.1 Operating Cycles in SBR Basins
26.2 Monitoring, Sampling and Analysis
26.2.1 Sample Collection
26.2.2 Sample Analysis
26.3 Performance Assessment of WWTP Working on Full Capacity
26.3.1 25 MLD Kharghar WWTP, Navi Mumbai
26.3.1.1 Effluent Quality
26.3.1.2 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal
26.3.1.3 Sludge Settling and Characteristics
26.3.1.4 Biomass in SBR Basins
26.3.1.5 Remark
26.3.2 12.5 MLD Tonca City WWTP, Goa
26.3.2.1 Effluent Quality
26.3.2.2 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal
26.3.2.3 Sludge Settling
26.3.2.4 Biomass in SBR Basins
26.3.2.5 Remark
26.3.3 45 MLD Mundhwa WWTP, Pune
26.3.3.1 Effluent Quality
26.3.3.2 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal
26.3.3.3 Sludge Settling and Characteristics
26.3.3.4 Biomass in SBR Basins
26.3.3.5 Remark
26.4 Performance Overview of 84 SBR-Based WWTPs
26.4.1 Treatment Capacity
26.4.2 Organics Removal
26.4.3 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal
26.5 Energy Analysis
26.6 Conclusion
References
27: Biodegradation of Soap Stock: As an Alternative Renewable Energy Resource and Reduce Environmental Pollution
27.1 Introduction
27.1.1 Cotton Seed Oil Soap Stock
27.2 Soap Stock Utilization as an Alternative Renewable Energy Source
27.2.1 Utilization of Renewable Substrate for Bioenergy/Biofuel Production
27.2.1.1 Soap Stock Waste Substrate to Biodiesel Production
Biodiesel Production: Two-Stage Process
Biodiesel Production: One-Stage Process
27.2.1.2 Soap Stock Waste Substrate to Bio-oil and Biochar Production
27.2.1.3 Biofuel Purification Techniques
27.2.1.4 Biofuel Production: Catalytic Cracking and Hydrocracking Process
27.2.1.5 Novel Biofuel (Green Diesel) Production
27.2.1.6 Soap Stock Waste Substrate to Biogas Production
27.3 Soap Stock Utilization of the Renewable Substrate in the Production of High-Value Compounds
27.3.1 Soap Stock Waste Substrate to Lipase Enzyme Production
27.3.2 Soap Stock Waste Substrate to Biosurfactant Production
27.4 Biological Degradation of Soap Stock to Reduce Environmental Pollution
27.4.1 Microbial Degradation of Soap Stock to Control Oil Pollution
27.4.2 Biocatalyst Application in Controlling Environmental Pollution
27.4.3 Biosurfactant Application in Controlling Environmental Pollution
27.4.4 Soap Stocks Use as Animal Feedstock Preparation
27.4.5 Soap Stock with Other Waste Treatment Reduce Pollution
References
28: Influence of Nanomaterials in Combined Microbial Fuel Cell-Electro-Fenton Systems as a Sustainable Alternative for Electri...
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Combined MFC-EF Processes for Power Generation and Pollutant Removal
28.2.1 Bioelectrochemical Systems for Power Generation and Water Treatment
28.2.2 Electro-Fenton Process a Useful Alternative for Wastewater Treatment
28.2.3 MFC-EF Combination System Overview
28.3 Anodic Nanomaterials Suitable for Use in Microbial Fuel Cells
28.4 Formation of the Biofilm on the Anode
28.4.1 Cell Design Parameters
28.4.2 Operating Parameters
28.4.3 Biological Parameters
28.5 Nanomembrane Separators of the Chambers in the MFC-EF Systems
28.6 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials as Cathode for the Production of H2O2
28.7 Iron-Based Nanomaterials as Catalysts
28.8 Cost-Benefit of MFC-EF Cells
28.9 Conclusions
References
29: Role of Bio-Selectors in Performing Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification in Sequencing Batch Reactor-Based STPs ...
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Materials and Methods
29.2.1 Study Area and Sample Preparation
29.2.2 Physicochemical Parameters´ Analysis
29.2.3 Microscopic Analysis for Protozoa and PHB Identification
29.3 Results
29.3.1 Performance Evaluation
29.3.2 Role of Anoxic Selectors in Excellent Sludge Settling Characteristics
29.3.3 Role of Anoxic Selectors in Denitrification and Substrate Removal
29.3.3.1 Denitrification of Nitrates in the Anoxic/Anaerobic Selector
29.3.3.2 Anoxic Selectors and Substrate Removal (Profiles)
29.3.3.3 Proliferation of Floc Formers and Development of Large-Sized Floc Which Causes SND
29.3.4 SND and Its Requirements
29.3.4.1 Role of Wastewater Characteristics on SND in the SBR Plants
29.3.4.2 Detailed Wastewater Characterization and Influence on SND in 3 MLD SBR, Roorkee
29.3.4.3 Relationship of rbCOD: TN and BOD5: TKN on Denitrification Rates in SBR Plants
29.3.5 Storage Products for SND
29.3.5.1 Internal Storage in Anoxic Selector
29.3.5.2 Visualization of PHBs in 3 MLD and 120 MLD SBR Plants
29.3.6 Protozoa Identification
29.4 Conclusions
References
30: Emerging Technique of Enzymatic Biotransformation of Amides to Hydroxamic Acid for Pharmaceutical and Dye Waste Treatment
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Materials
30.2.1 Chemicals
30.3 Methods
30.3.1 Sample Collection
30.3.2 Bacterial Isolation Using Media Enriched with Acetamide
30.3.3 Identification and Characterization of the Isolated Bacterium Strain
30.3.4 Analysis of 16S rRNA Sequence
30.3.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
30.3.6 Preparation of Resting Cells
30.3.6.1 Dry Weight Measurement of Resting Cells
30.3.7 Colorimetric Determination on the Basis of Acyl Transfer Activity Catalysed by Amidase
30.3.8 Immobilization of Resting Cells of Isolated Bacillus Strain
30.3.9 Acyltransferase Assay of Immobilized Cells
30.3.10 Enzyme Assay
30.3.11 AHA Production Under Optimized Culture Conditions in B. megaterium
30.3.12 Use of B. megaterium ATA for Optimizing Reaction Conditions
30.3.13 Comparative Study of Acetamide Degradation Pattern Using Free and Immobilized Bacteria
30.3.14 Determination of Amount of Acetohydroxamic Acid Produced
30.4 Results and Discussion
30.4.1 Isolation of Amide Degrading Bacteria
30.4.2 Identification of Bacteria
30.4.3 Bacterial Cell Immobilization and Study on Reusability of Entrapped Resting Cells
30.4.4 Assay of Acyl Transferase Activity Under Optimum Reaction Conditions
30.4.5 AHA Production in B. megaterium F-8 Under Optimized Culture Conditions
30.4.5.1 Media
30.4.5.2 Temperatures
30.4.5.3 Time Course of Activity of Enzymes
30.4.5.4 Inoculum Size
30.4.5.5 pH
30.4.5.6 Impact of Different Nitriles and Amides
30.4.5.7 Concentration of Acetonitrile
30.4.6 ATA Under Optimum Reaction Conditions
30.4.6.1 pH Buffer
30.4.6.2 Buffer System
30.4.6.3 Temperature of Incubation and Thermostability
30.4.6.4 Storage Stability
30.4.6.5 Concentration of Biocatalyst
30.4.6.6 Concentration of the Substrate and Affinity
30.4.7 Acetamide Degradation Pattern
30.5 Conclusions
References
31: Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites for Removal of Hazardous Dyes from Water Bodies
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Methods of Water and Wastewater Treatment
31.3 Biopolymers as Adsorbents
31.3.1 Classification of Biopolymers
31.3.1.1 Biodegradable Biopolymers
31.3.1.2 Nonbiodegradable Biopolymers
31.3.1.3 Biodegradable Fossil Fuel-Based Biopolymers
31.3.2 Polysaccharides: Structure and Adsorptive Properties
31.3.2.1 Cellulose
31.3.2.2 Chitin and Chitosan
31.3.2.3 Starch
31.4 Biopolymer Composites as Adsorbents
31.5 Biopolymer Nanocomposites as Adsorbents
31.6 Preparation Techniques of Biopolymer Nanocomposites
31.6.1 In Situ Synthesis
31.6.1.1 Solution Blending or Solvent Casting
31.6.1.2 Extrusion with Freeze-Dried Nanoparticles
31.6.1.3 Melting Compounding Technique (Extrusion Method)
31.6.1.4 Melt Blending
31.6.1.5 Cross-Linking Method
31.7 Functionalization of Biopolymer Nanocomposites
31.7.1 Application of Biopolymer Composites as Dye Adsorbents
31.8 Patents Related to Biopolymer Composite for Adsorption of Hazardous Dyes
31.9 Challenges and Future Perspectives
31.10 Conclusion
References
32: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi-Assisted Bioremediation of Heavy Metals: A Revaluation
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Pollution by Heavy Metals
32.3 Response of Plants to Heavy Metal Stress
32.4 Heavy Metal Signaling and Tolerance in Plants
32.5 Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
32.6 Bioremediation
32.7 Bioremediation of Heavy Metal by AMF
32.8 Bioremediation of HMs Through Interaction Between AMF and Various Organisms
32.9 Advantages
32.10 Potential Domains of AMF Application
32.11 Future Prospects
32.12 Conclusion
References
33: Application of Biotechnology for Providing Alternative of Fossil Fuel to Protect Environment
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Role of Fossil Fuel as Environmental Pollution
33.3 Biofuel Is a Source of Green Energy
33.3.1 First-Generation Biofuel
33.3.1.1 The Conversion Process for First-Generation Biofuels
33.3.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of First-Generation Biofuel
33.3.2 Second-Generation Biofuels
33.3.2.1 Conversion of Second-Generation Biofuel
The Thermo Pathway
The Bio Pathway
33.3.2.2 Advantage and Disadvantage
33.3.3 Third-Generation Biofuels
33.4 Food Versus Fuel
33.5 Biofuel Effect in the Environment
33.6 Conclusion
References
34: Coir Retting: Process Upgradation and Pollution Abatement Through Environmental Biotechnology
34.1 Introduction
34.1.1 Traditional Practice of Coir Retting
34.1.2 Environmental Impairment Due to Retting
34.1.3 Inconsistency in the Quality of Fibre
34.1.4 Other Socio-Economic Considerations
34.2 Coir Retting in a Bioreactor
34.2.1 Crushing
34.2.2 Polyphenol Stripping
34.2.3 Concentration and Lyophilization of Polyphenols
34.2.4 Development of Microbial Consortium for the Bioreactor
34.2.5 Effect of Aeration and Maintenance of Stock
34.2.6 Activity of Consortium
34.2.7 Application of Microbial Consortium in Coir Retting Bioreactor
34.2.8 Effluent Quality and Quality of the Pith
34.2.9 Bioreactor as a Controlled System
34.3 Conclusion
References
35: Cadmium Toxicity in Rice: Tolerance Mechanisms and Their Management
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Cadmium Toxicity in Rice
35.3 Methods Used to Reduce Cadmium in Rice
35.3.1 Agronomic Practices
35.3.2 Bioremediation
35.3.3 Molecular Technologies
35.3.3.1 Genome Editing (GE) Technology
35.3.3.2 Non-transgenic Approaches
35.4 Conclusions
References
36: Evaluation of Residual Toxicity of Synthetic Pyrethroids in the Environment
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Residual Toxicity of Fenvalerate and Cypermethrin
36.2.1 Fenvalerate
36.2.2 Cypermethrin
36.3 Degradation and Persistence
References
37: Sustainable Sanitation as a Tool to Reduce Land Degradation
37.1 Introduction
37.1.1 Sustainable Development Goals
37.2 Land Degradation
37.2.1 Causes and Scale
37.2.2 Implications
37.2.2.1 Food Production
37.2.2.2 Biodiversity
37.2.2.3 Climate Change
37.2.2.4 Economics
37.3 Sustainable Sanitation
37.3.1 Excreta Treatment Methods
37.3.1.1 On-Site Treatment
37.3.1.2 Off-Site Treatment
37.3.1.3 Direct Environmental Discharge
37.3.2 Sanitation Products
37.3.2.1 Excreta
Faeces
Urine
37.3.2.2 Wastewater
37.3.2.3 Effluent
37.3.2.4 Sewage Sludge
37.3.2.5 Faecal Sludge
37.3.3 Excreta-Associated Hazards
37.3.3.1 Pathogens
37.3.3.2 Antimicrobial Resistance
37.3.3.3 Pollutants
Nutrients
Potentially Toxic Elements
Xenobiotic Organic Compounds
Microplastics
37.4 Application of Sanitation Products to Address Land Degradation
37.4.1 Land Application Strategies
37.4.1.1 Sanitation Product Treatment
37.4.1.2 Conditions of the Soil
37.4.1.3 Application Conditions
37.4.2 Regulation and Legislation
37.4.2.1 Improvement of Degraded Lands
37.4.2.2 Sanitation Access and Management
37.4.2.3 Application of Sanitation Products to Land
37.4.3 Public Opinion
37.5 Conclusions
References
38: Duckweeds: The Tiny Creatures for Resolving the Major Environmental Issues
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Duckweeds
38.2.1 Duckweed Biology
38.2.2 Promising Platform for Environmental Applications
38.3 Duckweeds for Phytoremediation
38.3.1 Heavy Metals
38.3.2 Crude Oil and Petroleum Products
38.3.3 Agrochemicals, Dyes and Other Chemicals
38.3.4 Treatment of Domestic Wastewater
38.4 Other Potentials of Duckweeds
38.4.1 Protein-Rich Biomass Production
38.4.2 Biomanufacturing Platforms
38.4.3 Miscellaneous
38.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
39: Influence of the Electrical Stimulation Using IrO2-Ta2O5|Ti and RuO2-Ta2O5|Ti Anodes in the Edaphological Properties for t...
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Materials and Methods
39.2.1 Electrode Preparation
39.2.2 Sampling of Vertisol Pelic
39.2.3 Electrofarming Cell Preparation
39.2.4 Germination Rate Analysis
39.2.5 Plant Growth of Maize Plants Using RuO2-Ta2O5| Ti and IrO2-Ta2O5| Ti Anodes
39.2.6 Edaphological Characterization
39.3 Discussion of Results
39.3.1 Germination of Maize Seeds (Zea mays L) during Electrofarming
39.3.2 Maize Plant Growth and Development (Zea mays L)
39.3.3 Edaphological Characterization
39.4 Conclusions
References
40: Recent Advances in Biotechnology for Generating Yellow Mosaic Disease Resistance in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Genome Organization of YMD-Causing Begomoviruses
40.3 Molecular Characterization of YMVs
40.4 Host Range and Evaluation of Disease Symptoms
40.5 Breeding for Enhancing YMD Resistance
40.6 Pathogen-Derived Resistance and RNAI-Based Strategy
40.7 Genome Editing for Developing YMV Resistance
40.8 Transcriptomic Approaches
40.9 Conclusion and Future Prospect
References
Appendix
Index