Preface
About This Book
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I Industry 4.0 and Drivers for Change
1 What Is Industry 4.0?
1 Additive Manufacturing
2 Data and Analytics
2.1 Construction’s Historic Data Problems
2.2 The Development of Analysis
2.3 Data Use by Contractors
2.4 Data Use by Asset Owners
2.5 Data and Analytics Now—A Platform for Industry 4.0?
3 Artificial Intelligence
4 Robotics and Automation
5 Virtual, Augmented, Mixed, and Extended Reality
6 IoT and 5G
7 Digital Twins
8 Nanotechnology
9 Conclusions
References
2 The Global Environmental Imperative
1 Climate Emergency
2 Overview of Construction industry’s Contribution to Global Carbon
3 Carbon Mitigation Initiatives and Sustainable Development
4 Conclusions
References
3 Industry 4.0 and Drivers for Socioeconomic Sustainability in the Construction Sector
1 Introduction
2 Population Forecasts and Urbanization Challenges Under Industry 4.0
3 Construction 4.0 and Sustainable Development
4 Future-Proof Construction Industry: The Need for Crisis Resilience
5 Conclusions
References
4 The Circular Construction Industry
1 Introduction
2 Principles of Circular Economy Concept
3 Innovative Technologies for Circular Construction
4 Construction and Demolition Waste Management
4.1 Construction and Demolition Waste Valorisation
5 Circular Construction Practices in the Industry
6 Conclusions and Prospective
References
Part II Innovation in Construction: A New Future for the Construction Industry. Areas of Focus for a Step Change in Construction
5 Fundamentals of Innovation
1 Introduction
2 Definition
3 Case Study 1—The de Havilland Comet
4 Case Study 2—Concorde
5 Case Study 3—Boeing 737
6 Fundamentals
7 Conclusion
References
6 Challenges to Innovation in Construction
1 Introduction
2 The Nature of the Product
2.1 Lifespan, Re-use and Embodied Carbon
2.2 Unique Complexity
2.3 Time and Trends
3 The Nature of the Art and Science
3.1 Scale
3.2 Materials and Methods
3.3 Deemed-to-satisfy Design Versus Performance-based Design
4 The Nature of the System
4.1 Industrial Lock-in
4.2 Fragmentation and Value Ownership
4.3 Regulation, Life Safety and Risk Aversion
4.4 Drivers for Change
5 Opportunities for Change
References
7 Cutting-Edge Practical Research on Generative Design, IoT and Digital Twins
1 Introduction
2 Early Applications of Project Dasher in Building Operations
2.1 NASA Ames Sustainability Base
2.2 Schneider Electric’s GreenOValley HQ
3 From Buildings to Infrastructure: Applying Dasher to Bridge Monitoring for Pier 9 and MX3D
4 Enhancing Privacy: Using Computer Vision to Anonymize Data Capture of Occupants and Passers-By
5 First Steps with Generative Design: The Airbus Bionic Partition
6 Designing an Office Generatively: Project Discover and Autodesk’s Toronto Office
6.1 Evaluation Metrics
6.2 Design Generation
6.3 Design Exploration
6.4 Design Elaboration
7 Urban Scale: Applying GD for Residential Neighbourhood Layouts with Van Wijnen
8 The Future: Closing the Loop Between Digital Twins and Generative Design
9 Conclusions
References
8 Artificial Intelligence and Data in Civil Engineering
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 What Is Data Science?
1.3 The Engineer as a Data Scientist
2 Data
2.1 Data Types
2.2 Getting Data
3 Artificial Intelligence
3.1 Overview
3.2 Machine Learning
3.3 Important Machine Learning Algorithms
4 Applications of Data Science in Civil Engineering
4.1 Predictive Maintenance
4.2 Surrogate Modelling
4.3 Design Automation and Parametric Design
4.4 Code-Based Checking
5 Applied Data Science
5.1 Specifying the Problem
5.2 Developing the Solution Architecture
5.3 Training the Models
5.4 Using Other Peoples Models
5.5 Visualisation
5.6 Validation
5.7 Verification
6 Practical Guidance
6.1 Developing Data Skills
6.2 When not to Do Data Science
6.3 Biggest Value Projects
6.4 When to Ask for Outside Help
7 Case Study—Accidental Vessel Impact for Thames Tideway Tunnel
7.1 Project Aim
7.2 Data
7.3 Vessel Aberrancy
7.4 Model Overview
7.5 Modelling Assumptions
7.6 Applied Data Science
8 Conclusions
References
9 Potential Application of Blockchain Technology to Transform the Construction Industry
1 Introduction
2 Fundamentals of Blockchain Technology
2.1 Peer-to-Peer Network
2.2 Hashing Algorithm
2.3 Public-Key Cryptography
2.4 Consensus Mechanism
2.5 Blockchain Architecture
3 Salient Features of Blockchain
4 Blockchain Taxonomy: Public, Private and Consortium
5 Blockchain Platforms
6 Blockchain Applications: Blockchain 1.0, Blockchain 2.0 and Blockchain 3.0
7 Blockchain Applications for the Construction Industry
7.1 Supply Chain Management and Logistics Management
7.2 Property Transactions Management
7.3 Documentation Management and Integration with Building Information Modelling
7.4 Payment and Certification
7.5 Contract Management
7.6 Facilities Management
7.7 Quality Assurance and Compliance
8 Blockchain Applications for Sustainable Construction
8.1 Embodied Carbon Management
8.2 Energy Trading and Energy Management
8.3 Water Trading and Water Management
8.4 Waste Trading and Waste Management
8.5 Health and Safety Management
9 Conclusions
References
10 Parametric Design—A Drive Towards a Sustainable Future
1 Introduction
1.1 Parametric Modelling Versus Parametric Design
1.2 The Future of Parameterisation
2 Parametric Design Software
3 Basic Principles of Parametric Modelling and Design
3.1 The Basic Process
4 Parametric Modelling
5 Parametric Design
5.1 Form Finding
5.2 Manual Optimisation
5.3 Genetic Algorithm Optimisation
5.4 Generative Design
5.5 Topology Optimisation
6 Case Studies
6.1 Case Study 1: Form Finding
6.2 Case Study 2: Slab Optimisation
6.3 Case Study 3: Generative Design
6.4 Case Study 4: Elizabeth House Arch
7 Lessons Learnt
8 A Parametric Drive to Sustainable Design
8.1 Material Optimisation
8.2 Challenging Structural Form
8.3 Visualisation of Sustainable Targets
8.4 Modern Methods of Construction and Componentised Design
8.5 Integration of Existing Structure
8.6 Future of Materials
9 Concluding Thoughts
Reference
11 Construction Industry Transformation Through Modular Methods
1 Introduction
2 Benefits of Modular Construction
3 Design Requirements of Modular Buildings
4 The Future of Modular Construction
4.1 Modular Construction Market
4.2 Cost Analysis
5 Case Studies of Modular Constructions
5.1 Case Studies for Residential Houses
5.2 Case Studies for Commercial Buildings
6 Innovations in Modular Construction
6.1 Opportunities with Composite Materials
6.2 Future Opportunities
7 Conclusions
References
12 Concrete 3D Printing: Challenges and Opportunities for the Construction Industry
1 Introduction
1.1 Digital Transformation in the Construction Industry
1.2 Earlier Efforts Toward Automated Construction
1.3 Recent Developments
2 Current Status of the C3DP Technology
2.1 Printing Materials and Testing
2.2 Process Quality Control
2.3 Design Code Compliance
3 Existing Challenges and Future Prospects
3.1 Existing Challenges
3.2 Future Prospects and Potential Applications
4 Conclusions
References
13 Material Design, Additive Manufacturing, and Performance of Cement-Based Materials
1 Introduction
2 Extrusion-Based Concrete AM Process
3 Material Design, Extrusion Rheology, and Early-Age Properties of Additive Manufactured Concrete
3.1 Background
3.2 Material Design Approaches
3.3 Effect of Material Design on Extrusion Rheology and Early-Age Properties
3.4 Mechanical Performance of AMoC
3.5 Material and Machine Design for Large-Scale AMoC
4 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
14 A Procedure Model for the Development of Construction Robots
1 Introduction
1.1 The Need for a Domain-Specific Procedure Model
1.2 Construction Robots: State of the Art
1.3 Beyond the State of the Art and Research Question
1.4 From STCRs Towards Modular/Multitask Construction Robots (MTCRs)
2 The Procedure Model
2.1 Procedure Models in Other Industries and Domains
2.2 Procedure Models for the Development of Construction Robots
2.3 Verification and Validation of the Model
3 Requirements Engineering (Act)
3.1 Context: Scenario, Technology, Stakeholder, and IPR Analysis
3.2 Task: Selection, Analysis, and Decomposition of the Task Area Foreseen for the Construction Robot
3.3 Strategy: Business Strategy and Scalability
3.4 Requirements: Co-creation, Requirements, Indicators
4 Development Sequence (Plan)
4.1 Application of Robot-Oriented Design (ROD)
4.2 Processes: Determine Operation Sequences and Processes
4.3 Detail Structure of Construction Robot
4.4 Modularisation and Flexibilisation
5 Implementation and Prototyping (Do)
5.1 Detailing of Integration with Existing Infrastructures
5.2 Manufacturability
5.3 Simulation and Model-Based Systems Engineering
5.4 Utilisation of Digital Twins, Data Processing, and AI
5.5 Implementation
6 Performance Evaluation (Check)
6.1 Proof of Concept: Laboratory Testing and Public Demonstration
6.2 Practicability and Usability: Stakeholder and User Feedback (Co-Creation 2)
6.3 Economic Performance: Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA)
6.4 Business Model and IPR Management
7 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Part III Practical Strategies for Innovation in Practice
15 Some Changes Are Invisible to the Eyes: Transformation of Business Models, Organizations, and Cultures
1 Introduction
2 Transformation of Business Models
2.1 Navigating a Vulnerable World While Delivering Meaningful Outcomes
2.2 Scanning the Future: Plan for the Unknown, not What You Know
2.3 Business Model Diversification and Digital Transformation
2.4 AEC Business Model Cornerstones and Health
2.5 Strategic Profiling: Follow a Red Ocean or Blue Ocean Strategy?
2.6 Ecosystem Business Models
2.7 AEC Business Model and Industrialized Construction
2.8 Support Digital Transformation with the AEC Business Model Playbook
2.9 Client Case Study Applying the AEC Business Model Playbook
2.10 Conclusion
3 Transformation of Organizations and Cultures
3.1 Challenges of the Construction Industry
3.2 Industry and Organizational Culture
3.3 Fragmentation
3.4 Transforming Organizational Design (Structural and Organizational Changes)
3.5 How to Prepare the Business for a Culture Ready for the Future (Transforming a Legacy Business)
3.6 Cultural Architects and Organizational Champions
3.7 Embedding the Innovation Culture
3.8 Conclusion
References
16 The Next Engineers—Equipping Industry for the Future of Construction
1 Introduction
2 Industry 4.0 and the Climate Emergency
3 Teaching and Education
4 Existing Workforce
4.1 Internal Company Training
4.2 New Targeted Continuing Professional Development (CPD)
4.3 Knowledge Sharing Facilitation
4.4 A Return to the Classroom
4.5 Public Acknowledgement
5 Conclusion
References
17 The New Generation of Construction Skills: Transition from Onsite to Offsite
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
2.1 Evolution of Construction Skills
2.2 Onsite and Offsite Skills: A Quandary
2.3 Typology of Offsite Construction
3 Research Methodology
4 Case Study Review
4.1 Components—New South Glasgow Hospitals (NSGH), Scotland, UK
4.2 Panels—111, East Grand, Iowa, USA
4.3 Pods—Journal, Uni Place, Melbourne, Australia
4.4 Modules—Lynch Hill Enterprise Academy, Slough, UK
4.5 Complete Buildings—AUSCO Modular
5 Discussion of Findings
6 Current Skill Shortage and the Challenges to Overcome
7 Conclusion
References
Concluding Remarks
Introduction
Highlights of the Construction Transformation
Leveraging Innovation Through Business Models
Shaping the Future Engineers with the Right Skills
Conclusions and Future Perspective
References