Uniform electrical fields have been applied to human gingival fibroblasts by means of uniform ionic currents passed through a thin chamber. Cells were observed to align in fields between 0.1 and 1.5 V/mm but did not display directed motion toward the anode or the cathode of the chamber. Statistical
Influences of the inclination of gratings on the alignment accuracies in moiré alignment systems
✍ Scribed by Hideo Furuhashi; Lizhong Zhou; Jingnan Liu; Akihito Matsuo; Yoshiyuki Uchida
- Publisher
- John Wiley and Sons
- Year
- 2002
- Tongue
- English
- Weight
- 201 KB
- Volume
- 139
- Category
- Article
- ISSN
- 0424-7760
- DOI
- 10.1002/eej.1152
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✦ Synopsis
Abstract
In the lithographic processes of VLSIs, high setting accuracies between masks and wafer are required. The methods using moiré signals obtained by gratings were found to give very high alignment accuracies. In this paper, influences of the inclination of gratings for the alignment accuracies in modified and differential moiré systems have been investigated. The moiré signals and the alignment point have been calculated using computer simulation. As a result, it has been shown that the effects are small and the inclinations do not affect alignment accuracies in the moiré alignment systems. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(2): 46–51, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.1152
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