High densities of red deer can have severe impacts on soil nutrient status by removing the ground vegetation and enhancing erosion of the fertile soil layers. We compared four fenced deer exclosures with adjacent unfenced sites to evaluate the effect of deer grazing and trampling on the soil nutrient status (C org , N t , PO 4 3Γ , Ca 2ΓΎ , Mg 2ΓΎ , K ΓΎ ) in sloping oak forests of a central European low mountain range. The investigation was set up as a three-factor randomized complete block design (RCBD) with the factors: 'fencing' (fenced/unfenced), 'gradient' (gentle/steep) and 'aspect' (windward/leeward). We hypothesized that exclusion of red deer by fencing would increase soil nutrient contents independent of slope gradient and aspect.
Fencing increased the contents of C org , N t , Ca 2ΓΎ and PO 4 3Γ , but only at the windward sites. This effect was less pronounced at the gently sloping site than at the steep site, which exhibited the lowest contents of C org , N t and PO 4 3Γ of all sites. We did not find increased soil nutrients in the fenced exclosures at the leeward sites, neither at the steep nor at the gently sloping site. At both slope aspects nutrient contents (C org , N t , PO 4 3Γ , K ΓΎ ) tended to be higher on the gentle than at the corresponding steep slopes. Our results suggest that red deer trampling and grazing enhance the loss of soil nutrients at predisposed sites such as windward locations with a high slope gradient. Only at such sites did the exclusion of red deer increase several soil nutrients.