Industrial environmental management: engineering, science, and policy

✍ Scribed by Das, Tapas K

• Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 569
• Edition: [First edition]
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

"This book explain why industrial environmental management is important to human environmental interactions and what are the physical, economic, social and technological constraints to achieving the goal of a sustainable environment. Its goal is to educate engineers on how to obtain an optimum balance between environmental protections, while allowing humans to maintain an acceptable quality of life. This book is designed to be a textbook primarily for junior level and senior level students in multidisciplinary engineering fields including but not limited to: chemical, civil, environmental and petroleum engineering but will also have some appeal to practicing engineers seeking information about sustainable design principles and methodology. It covers topics such as, industrial wastes, life cycle sustainable design, lean manufacturing, international environmental regulations, assessment and management of health and environmental risks, the economics of manufacturing pollution prevention, how eco-industrial parks and process intensification will help minimize waste, applying green manufacturing principles in order to minimize wastes and discharges from manufacturing facilities"--

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Contents......Page 9
About the Author......Page 23
Preface......Page 25
Acknowledgments......Page 27
About the Companion Website......Page 29
1.1 Introduction......Page 31
1.1.3 Benefits......Page 32
1.2.1 Environmental Challenges......Page 33
1.4 Defining Pollution Prevention......Page 34
1.6 Zero Discharge Industries......Page 35
1.7 Sustainability, Industrial Ecology, and Zero Discharge (Emissions)......Page 36
1.8 Why Zero Discharge Is Critical to Sustainability......Page 38
1.9 The New Role of Process Engineers and Engineering Firms......Page 39
1.10.3 Build Industrial Clusters......Page 40
1.10.6 Reinvent Regulatory Policies......Page 41
1.11.1 Recycling of Materials and Reuse of Products......Page 42
1.11.2 Dematerilization......Page 43
1.11.4 New Technologies and Materials......Page 44
1.11.5 New Mindset......Page 45
1.11.6 In the Full ZD (Emission) Paradigm......Page 46
1.12 Constraints and Challenges......Page 47
1.13.1 What Is in the Book?......Page 48
Problems......Page 51
References......Page 52
2.1 Introduction......Page 53
2.2 Genesis of the Environmental Problem......Page 55
2.3 Causes of Pollution and Environmental Degradation......Page 56
2.4 Industrialization and Urbanization in the United States......Page 57
2.4.2 The Electrical Grid and Improvements in Transportation......Page 58
2.4.3 Structural Steel and Skyscrapers......Page 60
2.4.4 The Assembly Line......Page 61
2.4.5 The Origins of Mass Production......Page 62
2.5 Important Technological Developments......Page 63
2.6.1 Bhopal: The World’s Worst Industrial Tragedy......Page 64
2.8.2 Water Quality Law......Page 69
2.8.9 Wildlife and Plants Protection Laws......Page 70
2.9.5 Public Participation and Transparency......Page 71
2.11.1 Environmental Impact Statement and NEPA Process......Page 72
2.12 International Law......Page 73
2.12.4 Middle East......Page 74
2.12.10 Ecuador......Page 75
2.12.13 India......Page 76
2.13.2 Legislation for Environmental Protection in India......Page 77
2.13.3 General......Page 78
2.13.4 Hazardous Wastes......Page 80
2.13.5 International Agreements on Environmental Issues......Page 81
2.13.6 An Assessment of the Legal and Regulatory Framework for Environmental Protection in India......Page 82
2.13.7 Emerging Environmental Challenges......Page 83
2.14.4 Federal Regulation......Page 85
2.14.9 Education and Training......Page 86
2.15.1 Green Accounting Practices and Other Quality Manufacturing and Business Management Paradigms......Page 87
2.17 Greenhouse Gases......Page 90
2.17.1 Nine Prominent Federal Environmental Statues......Page 91
Examples (Multiple Choice)......Page 94
References......Page 95
3.3 Wastewater Characteristics......Page 101
3.3.5 Temperature......Page 102
3.4.4 Heavy Metal Discharges......Page 103
3.4.5 Some Inorganic Pollutants of Concern......Page 104
3.5.1 Pollution Load and Concentration......Page 105
3.5.2 Industrial Pretreatment......Page 106
3.6.1 Dilute Solutions......Page 107
3.7.1 Frequency of Generation and Discharge......Page 108
3.7.4 Continuous and Intermittent Discharges......Page 109
3.7.6 Wastewater Quality Indicators: Selected Pollution Parameters......Page 110
3.8.1 Variation in Industrial Wastewaters......Page 112
3.9 Air Quality......Page 113
3.9.1 The Atmosphere......Page 114
3.9.3 Mobile Sources and Emission Inventory......Page 115
3.9.6 Major Sources of Air Emissions......Page 116
3.9.8 Introduction to Air Pollution Control and Estimating Air Emission Rates......Page 117
3.10 The Ideal Gas Law and Concentration Measurements in Gases......Page 124
3.11 Other Applications of the Ideal Gas Law......Page 126
3.12 Gas Flow Measurement......Page 127
3.17 Air-to-Fuel Ratio and Stoichiometric Ratio......Page 128
3.18 Material Balances and Energy Balances......Page 129
3.19 Wastes in the United States......Page 132
3.19.4 Chemical Waste......Page 133
3.20.1 Hazardous Wastes in the United States of America......Page 134
3.21 Incineration, Destruction, and WtE......Page 135
3.23.2 Nuclear Fuel Cycle......Page 136
3.24.1 Oil and Gas......Page 137
3.25.3 Transuranic Waste......Page 138
3.26.1 Initial Treatment......Page 139
Problems......Page 140
References......Page 141
4.3 Common Elements, Radicals, and Chemicals in Water Analysis......Page 145
4.4 Purposes and Objectives for Inspecting and Sampling......Page 146
4.4.1 Analytical Methods......Page 148
4.4.3 NPDES Wastewater Discharge Permit......Page 149
4.5 Sampling and QA/QC Plan......Page 150
4.5.2 QA Procedures for Sampling......Page 151
4.5.3 QC Procedures for Sampling......Page 152
4.5.4 Laboratory QA/QC......Page 153
4.5.6 Type of Sample......Page 154
4.5.7 Continuous Monitoring......Page 156
4.5.10 General Documentation Procedures......Page 157
4.5.11 COC Procedures......Page 158
4.5.13 Sample Packaging and Shipping......Page 159
4.6.3 Toxicity Testing and Evaluation of Toxicity Test Results......Page 160
4.6.4 Toxic Units......Page 161
4.6.7 Protection Against Chronic Toxicity......Page 162
4.7.1 Open Channel Flow......Page 163
4.7.2 Closed Channel Flow......Page 167
4.7.3 Pitot Tube......Page 168
4.8.1 Mixing Zones......Page 169
4.8.3 Mixing of Wastewater in Rivers: Mass-Balance Approach......Page 171
4.9.2 WWTP BOD, SS, and Fecal Coliform Removal Efficiencies: Meet Water Quality Standards......Page 172
4.9.3 NPDES Wastewater Discharge Permits for Point Sources......Page 173
4.10.1 Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Rule......Page 175
4.11.1 Causes, Sources, and Effects......Page 176
4.11.2 Air Toxics: Toxic Air Pollutants......Page 177
4.12.2 The PSD Program Goals......Page 179
4.13 An Overall Permitting Process......Page 180
4.13.2 What Does the PSD Program Require of the Applicant?......Page 181
4.14.1 Introduction......Page 182
4.14.2 Control Technology Requirement Definitions......Page 183
4.14.3 BACT Selection Strategy......Page 184
4.14.5 Identify Technologies......Page 185
4.14.8 Evaluate Impacts of Technology......Page 186
4.15 Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling......Page 187
4.15.1 Atmospheric Layers......Page 188
4.16 Dispersion Models: Indoor Concentrations......Page 189
4.16.1 Gaussian Dispersion Model......Page 190
4.16.3 Dispersion Model Selection......Page 191
4.17.1 What National Standards must SIPs Meet?......Page 192
4.17.3 Who Is Responsible for Enforcing a SIP?......Page 193
4.18.1 Compliance Requirements......Page 194
4.19 CAA Enforcement Provisions......Page 198
4.19.5 Emergency as a Defense......Page 199
4.19.7 Inspection Protocol......Page 200
4.19.9 QA and QC in Air Emission Rates......Page 201
4.19.10 Performing Stack Tests......Page 202
4.20.3 What Is Recycling......Page 203
4.20.5 Recycling Today......Page 204
4.20.7 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act......Page 205
4.20.8 Few RCRA Provisions: Cradle–to-Grave Requirements......Page 207
4.20.9 TSDFs Permits......Page 208
4.21.1 Final Disposal of Hazardous Waste......Page 210
4.22.2 Environmental Audits......Page 211
4.23.2 Provisions......Page 212
4.23.3 Procedures......Page 213
4.23.7 Case Studies in African American Communities......Page 214
4.24.1 Integrated Solid Waste Management......Page 215
4.24.5 Plastic Nonhazardous Waste Rule......Page 216
Problems......Page 217
References......Page 219
5.1.1 Air Pollution......Page 223
5.1.2 Problem Formulation......Page 224
5.1.3 Exposure Assessment......Page 225
5.1.4 Toxicity Assessment......Page 229
5.1.5 Risk Characterization......Page 230
5.2 Assessing the Risks of Some Common Pollutants......Page 231
5.2.1 NOx, Hydrocarbons, and VOCs: Ground‐Level Ozone......Page 232
5.2.2 Carbon Monoxide......Page 233
5.2.3 Lead and Mercury......Page 234
5.2.4 Particulate Matter......Page 235
5.2.5 SO2, NOx, and Acid Deposition......Page 236
5.3 Ecological Risk Assessment......Page 237
5.3.1 Technical Aspects of Ecological Problem Formulation......Page 238
5.3.2 Ecological Exposure Assessment......Page 241
5.3.3 Ecological Effects Assessment......Page 243
5.3.4 Additional Components of Ecological Risk Assessments......Page 244
5.3.5 Tropospheric Ozone Pollution and Its Effects on Plants......Page 245
5.3.6 Toxicity Testing......Page 246
5.4 Risk Management......Page 247
5.4.1 Valuation of Ecological Resources......Page 248
5.4.3 Other Considerations for Risk Characterization......Page 250
5.4.5 Ecological Risk Assessment of Chemicals......Page 251
5.5 Communicating Information on Environmental and Health Risks......Page 257
5.5.2 Sustainable Strategies for Environmental and Health Risk Communication......Page 258
5.5.3 Case Study: Environmental and Health Risk Communication Neglected Until After an Accident......Page 260
5.6 Environmental Information Access on the Internet......Page 261
5.6.1 Internet Sources......Page 262
5.6.2 Implications and Limitations of Using the Internet......Page 263
5.7.1 Occupational Safety and Health Administration......Page 264
5.8 Industrial Process Safety System Guidelines......Page 265
5.9.1 Toxicology......Page 266
5.10.2 Toxic Atmosphere......Page 267
5.10.4 Accidental Chlorine Gas Release: Case Study......Page 268
5.10.7 Chronic Industrial Exposure: TWA and TLV......Page 269
5.11.1 Personal Protective Equipment......Page 271
5.11.2 Personal Protective Clothing......Page 272
5.12.1 Air Monitoring Devices......Page 273
5.12.3 Safety Harness and Retrieval System......Page 274
5.12.5 Confined Space Entry......Page 275
5.13.1 Occupational Noise Exposure......Page 276
5.13.3 Noise: Physical Principles......Page 277
5.13.5 Noise Control......Page 278
5.14.3 External Exposure and Internal Exposure......Page 279
5.14.6 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation......Page 280
5.14.7 Radiation Protection Principles......Page 281
5.15.1 The Greenhouse Effect......Page 283
5.15.2 Greenhouse Gases......Page 284
5.15.4 More Frequent and Severe Weather......Page 285
5.15.10 Effects of Global Warming on Humans......Page 286
5.16.6 Social Effects of Extreme Weather......Page 287
5.17.4 Transport......Page 288
Problems......Page 289
References......Page 290
6.1.2 Pollution Prevention in Industries......Page 295
6.2 What Is Life Cycle Assessment?......Page 297
6.2.3 Conducting an LCA......Page 298
6.2.4 Life Cycle Inventory......Page 301
6.2.5 Life Cycle Impact Assessment......Page 303
6.2.6 Life Cycle Interpretation......Page 307
6.3.3 Eco Bat 2.1......Page 310
6.3.9 REPAQ......Page 311
6.4.1 Introduction......Page 312
6.4.3 The Pulping Processes......Page 313
6.5 Evaluating the Life Cycle Environmental Performance of Two Disinfection Technologies......Page 321
6.5.2 The Chlorination (Disinfection) Process......Page 322
6.5.3 Dechlorination with Sulfur Dioxide......Page 323
6.5.4 UV Disinfection Process......Page 325
6.6.1 Results......Page 329
6.6.3 Summary and Conclusions......Page 332
6.7.1 What Is “Best Available Control Technology”?......Page 333
6.8 BACT: Applications to Gas Turbine Power Plants......Page 334
6.8.1 Importance of Energy Efficiency......Page 335
6.8.2 NOx BACT Review......Page 336
6.8.3 CO BACT Review: Combustion Turbines and Duct Burners......Page 339
6.8.4 BACT Evaluation for PM/PM10 Emissions......Page 340
6.8.6 BACT Evaluation for SO2 and H2SO4 Emissions......Page 341
References......Page 342
7.2.1 Total Cost Assessment of Pollution Control and Prevention Strategies......Page 347
7.3.1 Elements of Total Capital Investment......Page 348
7.3.2 Elements of Total Annual Cost......Page 350
7.5 Calculating CF......Page 351
7.6 From Pollution Control to Profitable Pollution Prevention......Page 353
7.6.1 Life Cycle Costing......Page 354
7.7 Resource Recovery and Reuse......Page 355
7.8 Profitable Pollution Prevention in the Metal-Finishing Industry......Page 356
7.8.1 National Metal Finishing Strategic Goals Program......Page 357
7.8.2 The Role of Pollution Prevention Technologies......Page 358
7.8.3 Value-Added Chemicals from Pulp Mill Waste Gases......Page 362
7.8.4 Recovery and Control of Sulfur Emissions......Page 363
7.9.1 Introduction......Page 365
7.9.2 Key Points......Page 366
7.9.3 The World’s First Zero Effluent Pulp Mill at Meadow Lake: The Closed-Loop Concept......Page 367
7.9.4 Successful Implementation of a Zero Discharge Program......Page 369
7.10 Consequences of Dirty Air: Costs–Benefits......Page 370
7.11 Some On-Going Pollution Prevention Technologies......Page 371
7.11.2 Estimates of Environmental Costs......Page 373
7.11.4 Cost Per Ton (T) of Pollutant Removal......Page 375
7.12.1 Equipment Costs......Page 378
7.13.2 Other Technologies......Page 380
7.13.4 Examples of WtE Plants......Page 381
7.13.5 Case Study: Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste: Profitable Pollution Prevention at the City of Spokane, Washington (see Appendix G)......Page 382
7.14.1 What Is a Sustainable Economy?......Page 384
7.14.2 Costs of Manufacturing Various Biobased Products and Energy......Page 385
Problems......Page 387
References......Page 389
8.1 Introduction......Page 393
8.2.1 Sample Mean......Page 394
8.2.2 Stem-and-Leaf Diagram......Page 395
8.2.5 Histogram......Page 396
8.2.6 Pareto Diagram......Page 397
8.2.7 Boxplots......Page 398
8.3 Time Series: Process over Time......Page 399
8.3.1 Basic Principles......Page 400
8.4 Process Capability......Page 401
8.4.2 Control Charts for Variables......Page 402
8.5 Lean Manufacturing......Page 404
8.5.1 Overview......Page 405
8.5.2 History: Pre-Twentieth Century......Page 406
8.5.4 Tata Group......Page 409
8.6 Types of Waste......Page 410
8.8.1 Lean Leadership......Page 411
8.8.2 Differences from TPS......Page 412
8.8.5 Examples: Lean Strategy in the Global Supply Chain and Its Crisis......Page 413
8.8.7 Measure......Page 414
8.9 Manufacturing System Characteristics: Process Planning Basics......Page 415
8.10 Design for Life Cycle......Page 416
8.11.2 Green Manufacturing Pipeline......Page 417
8.11.3 Sustainable Manufacturing: Is Green Equivalent to Sustainable?......Page 418
8.11.4 Manufacturing Technology Wedges......Page 419
8.12.2 The History of Six Sigma: 1980s–2000s......Page 420
8.13.1 Comparing the Two Methodologies......Page 422
8.14 Cost vs. Quality Analysis......Page 423
8.15 Assessing and Reducing Risk in Design: Cost to Manufacturer......Page 425
8.16.1 Fourteen Principles of the Toyota Way......Page 426
8.16.4 Cost of Quality: Not Only Failure Cost......Page 427
8.16.9 The Six Sigma Philosophy of Cost of Quality......Page 428
8.16.10 Energy-Efficiency Plan for Lean Manufacturing......Page 429
8.17 Essential Roles of Industrial Environmental Managers......Page 430
8.20 Waste Reduction......Page 431
8.20.3 Key Features: Industrial Environmental Management Process......Page 432
Problems......Page 433
References......Page 435
9.2 Industrial Ecology......Page 439
9.2.1 What Is EIP?......Page 440
9.2.3 EIPs – The Ebara Process: Mini Case Study 9.1 in Japan......Page 442
9.2.4 Mini-Case Study 9.2: Seshasayee Paper and Board Ltd. in India......Page 444
9.2.6 Mini-Case Study 9.4: EIP Including Numerous Symbiotic Factories for Manufacturing Very Large Scale Photovoltaic System......Page 445
9.3 Water–Energy Nexus......Page 447
9.3.1 Technology Roadmaps and R&D......Page 450
9.3.2 Circular Economy......Page 451
9.3.3 Rethink the Business Model......Page 454
9.3.4 Biomimicry......Page 455
9.4.1 Development of the Concept of the CE......Page 456
9.5.1 What Is PI?......Page 457
9.5.3 Mini-Case Study 9.2: Multi-Pollutants Capture and Recovery of SOx, NOx, and Mercury in Coal-Fired Power Plant......Page 458
9.6.1 Process Integration Technique Has Few Possible Applications......Page 462
9.7.1 Introduction......Page 463
9.7.2 Black Liquor Gasification (BLG): Introduction......Page 465
9.8.1 The Pulp and Paper Industry......Page 466
9.8.3 Biorefinery......Page 467
9.8.5 Dimethyl Ether......Page 469
9.8.7 Catalytic Hydrothermal Gasification of Black Liquor......Page 470
9.8.10 “WTW” Environmental Impact of Black Liquor Gasification......Page 471
9.8.13 Tomlinson Boiler Air Emissions......Page 473
9.8.14 Economic Development Opportunities......Page 474
9.9 Conclusions......Page 475
Problems......Page 477
References......Page 478
10.1.1 Industry Role and Trends......Page 483
10.1.2 Code of Ethics for Engineers......Page 484
10.1.3 Sustainable Engineering Design Principles......Page 485
10.1.4 Design for Environmental Practices......Page 489
10.1.7 Design for Environment......Page 490
10.1.12 Design for Assembly......Page 491
10.1.15 Design for Sustainability......Page 492
10.2 Integrating LCA in Sustainable Product Design and Development......Page 493
10.3 Green Chemistry: The Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry......Page 494
10.3.1 The Principles of Green Chemistry......Page 495
10.4.1 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)......Page 497
10.5 Sustainable Industries and Business......Page 498
10.5.3 Sustainable Green Economy......Page 499
10.6 Six Essential Characteristics......Page 500
10.8 Environmental Regulatory Law: Command and Control Market Based, and Reflexive......Page 501
10.9.1 The Two Traditional Issues Involved with Ethics......Page 502
10.11 Ethical Sustainability......Page 503
10.12 Social Sustainability......Page 504
10.13.1 Business......Page 505
10.14.3 Stakeholder Engagement......Page 506
References......Page 507
Appendix A Conversion Factors......Page 511
Appendix B International Environmental Law......Page 513
Reference......Page 516
Appendix 3 Air Pollutant Emission Factors: Stationary Point and Area Sources......Page 517
Reference......Page 521
D.1 Example Chain-of-Custody form for Use by POTWs......Page 523
D.3 Frequently Asked Questions......Page 524
D.4 Answers to Frequently Asked Questions......Page 528
D.5.1 Model Development Is Based upon Several Assumptions......Page 533
D.5.3 Screening Modeling......Page 536
D.5.4 AERSCREEN Examples......Page 537
D.6 Hazardous Waste Manifest......Page 539
References......Page 540
Appendix E Industrial Hygiene Outlines......Page 541
Reference......Page 542
Appendix F Environmental Cost-Benefit......Page 543
G.1.1 Technology......Page 545
Appendix H The Hannover Principles......Page 549
Reference......Page 550
Appendix I Environmental Goals and Business Goals Are Not Two Distinct Goal Sets......Page 551
J.1.1 Preamble......Page 553
Reference......Page 556
Index......Page 557
EULA......Page 569

✦ Subjects

Environmental management;Industrial engineering--Environmental aspects;Industrial management--Environmental aspects;POLITICAL SCIENCE--Public Policy--Environmental Policy;Electronic books;Industrial management -- Environmental aspects;Industrial engineering -- Environmental aspects;POLITICAL SCIENCE -- Public Policy -- Environmental Policy