In a project at Western Norway Research Institute, the concept of industrial ecology (IE) is used as a framework for environmental performance of small-and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in Norway. The main goal of the project `Green SMEs' is to identify existing and future environmental challenges for rural SMEs. The focus is on external demands coming from the surroundings of the individual businesses. Examples of issues being dealt with are industrial wastes becoming sources of raw materials for other industries, design and material choice for disassembly and reuse, development of industrial ecosystems, and industrial metabolism.
This paper presents actual examples of industrial ecosystems and also some cases illustrating the problems small remotely located ®rms meet when the principles of IE are to be applied. These problems include the inability to participate in ef®cient industrial ecosystems (webs) with exchange of wastes to raw materials. Larger companies, often being more centrally located, have greater chances at identifying and attracting other businesses which they can co-operate with in ®nding usage for their wastes. The `cluster'properties of ef®cient industrial ecosystems can therefore be a limiting factor in the development of such systems in rural areas. Small companies also have less opportunities to be proactive in establishing industrial ecosystems also merely due to the smaller scale of their operations.