India Migration Report 2021: Migrants and Health

✍ Scribed by S. Irudaya Rajan

• Publisher: Routledge India
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 355
• Series: India Migration Report
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

India Migration Report 2021 presents a detailed study on the health of migrants. It highlights major healthcare challenges faced by migrant labourers, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has forced authorities, policymakers and many other stakeholders to turn their attention to healthcare delivery unlike ever before.

Bringing to the fore the health status of the migrant population both before the pandemic and during the pandemic, the essays in this volume discuss

• the ease of access of migrant labourers to primary healthcare services;

• the safety challenges faced by migrant workers at their workplaces, their exposure to various physical and psychological health vulnerabilities, and prevalence of potentially malignant health disorders and mental health issues among migrant labourers;

• gendered access to healthcare, gender-based violence at workplaces and the gender-related perceptions on topics such as employment, decision-making and general attitude;

• the role of decentralization and local self-government institutions in enabling health systems to address health problems of migrants, government policies and programs aimed at providing welfare for return emigrants from the Gulf;

• the vulnerabilities migrant workers have encountered across the Indian states during the pandemic, with regards to food insecurity and psychological distress, and the type of support they received from various stakeholders.

The volume will be of interest to scholars and researchers of development studies, economics, demography, sociology and social anthropology, and migration and diaspora studies.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of figures
List of tables
List of boxes
List of contributors
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Migration and health: Charting questions for future research
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Occupational safety and health
1.3 Infectious diseases
1.4 Maternal and child health
1.5 Access to healthcare services
1.6 Post-Script
References
Chapter 2: Internal migrants’ health in India: The need for inclusive policies and implementation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Health status of the migrants
2.3 Healthcare access to the migrants
2.4 COVID-19 and migrants
2.5 Existing policy safeguards for migrants in India
2.6 Need for inclusive and migrant-sensitive policies and their implementation
References
Chapter 3: Rethinking health of migrant workers
3.1 Internal migration in India and policy environment
3.2 Migrant’s health issues and challenges
3.3 Gaps in programs and policies
3.4 Way forward
Notes
References
Chapter 4: Gender and the Migrant Experience of Seeking Healthcare: An Exploration using Narrative Analysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methodology
4.2.1 Objectives and Study Location
4.2.2 Situating the Self and Others
4.3 The Healthcare Experience – A Narrative
4.3.1 Immunisation in Public Sector – First Failure in 1994
4.3.2 Immunisation in Public Sector – Second Time Lucky in 1995
4.3.3 2012–2013: Years After – Immunisation Revisited for Hepatitis B
4.4 Narrative Analysis
4.4.1 Gendered Socialisation Processes
4.4.2 Gendered Roles and Specific Anxieties
4.4.3 Gendered Access to Healthcare
4.4.4 Migrant Inclusive Healthcare Systems
4.5 Concluding Remarks
Note
References
Chapter 5: Migrants and health: A study of low-income migrants in Punjab and Assam
References
Chapter 6: Return migrants and the first wave of COVID-19: Results from the Vande Bharat returnees in Kerala
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Data
6.3 Descriptive Statistics
6.3.1 Characteristics of the emigrants and their household
6.3.2 Complete scenario on the return journey of the emigrants to Kerala
6.4 Findings
6.5 Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 7: Primary healthcare for labour migrants in India: The need for an inclusive policy
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Methodology
7.2.1 Study area
7.2.2 Study participants
7.2.3 Data
7.3 Analysis
7.4 Discussion and conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Broken bricks: Health status of the seasonal migrant workers
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Background complexities of brick kiln industry
8.3 Factors affecting health
8.3.1 Living conditions
8.3.2 Working conditions
8.4 Health seeking behaviour
8.4.1 Financial aspects
8.4.2 Gender aspect
8.5 Necessary measures
8.6 Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 9: Burden of occupational morbidities among migrant auto-rickshaw drivers
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Objective of the study
9.3 Data and methods
9.4 Findings
9.5 Discussion
9.6 Conclusion
9.7 Limitation of the study
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 10: Prevalence of potentially malignant oral disorders among migrant labourers
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Methodology
10.3 Results
10.3.1 Self-reported health issues, oral health characteristics and awareness among the study population.
10.3.2 Oral intervention urgency for subjects
10.3.3 Prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs)
10.3.4 Correlates of OPMDs
10.3.5 Multivariate analysis of whole study subjects and its different correlates of OPMD
10.3.6 Predictors of oral health care seeking
10.3.7 Subgroup analysis of factors affecting oral care seeking in migrants
10.4 Discussion
10.4.1 Differences in vulnerabilities related to socio-demographic characteristics
10.4.2 Differences in vulnerabilities due to habits
10.4.3 Differences in general and oral health problems, particularly OPMDs
10.4.4 Differences in oral health care utilization
10.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Assessment of mental health disorders among migrant brick kiln workers of western Odisha
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Data and methods
11.3 Results
11.4 Discussion
11.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Building better migrant worker-health system interfaces: Noteworthy interventions from local self-government institutions in Kerala
12.1 Background
12.2 Methods
12.2.1 Data collection
12.2.2 Analysis
12.2.3 Ethical considerations
12.3 Findings
12.3.1 Findings from key informant interviews
12.3.2 Arbitrariness in the approach to migrants’ health projects in the past
12.3.3 Changing focus of health interventions for migrants
12.3.4 Challenges due to the unique social dynamics of migrant life
12.3.5 Experiences from three LSGI migrant health projects
12.3.5.1 Hamara Mehman
12.3.5.2 Garima
12.3.5.3 Adwaitham
12.4 Discussion
12.4.1 Thinking beyond interventions that compartmentalize
12.4.2 From disease surveillance to medical camps to identity cards
12.4.3 Of names and labels
12.4.4 Significance of our findings and further work
12.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: COVID-19 pandemic and interstate migrants: Documenting the response of health system and civil society
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Framework
13.2.1 COVID-19 and the inequality pandemic
13.2.2 Public health approach to pandemic response
13.3 Underlying vulnerability of the migrants and the policy implementation gap
13.4 Impact of lockdown and pandemic strategy on migrants
13.5 Civil society action on migrants
13.5.1 Hyderabad
13.5.2 Chennai
13.5.3 Delhi
13.5.4 Maharashtra
13.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: What next for the COVID-19 return emigrants?: Findings from the Kerala return emigrant survey 2021
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Analysis
14.2.1 Who are the COVID-19 return emigrants?
14.3 The COVID-19 REM survey 2020–2021
14.3.1 Determinants of return migration during COVID-19: categorising the REM
14.3.2 Characteristics of the REM
14.3.3 Future plans of REM: What next for Kerala's Return Emigrants
14.3.4 REM who wish to re-migrate
14.3.5 REM who wish to re-integrate
14.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Food Security and Psychological Distress of Migrants during COVID-19 Lockdown
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Informal Workers, Migrants, and Migrant Occupations
15.2.1 Pune District Migration Profile from Census,2011
15.3 Survey of Migrants in Pune
15.3.1 Profile of Migrant Workers
15.4 Distress of Migrants during COVID Lockdown
15.4.1 Loss of Employment
15.4.2 Lack of Savings
15.4.2.1 Expenditure Cutback
15.4.3 Food Security
15.4.3.1 Utilization of Ration Cards
15.4.3.1.1 Specific Cases from our Study
15.4.4 Psychological Distress of Migrants during COVID-19 Lockdown
15.4.4.1 Psychological Distress: Anxiety, Stress, Worthlessness, Perception of Lockdown
15.4.4.2 Perception of lockdown
15.4.4.2.1 Anxiety
15.4.4.2.2 Stress
15.4.4.2.3 Worthlessness
15.5 Recommendations for Migrant Workers’ Physical and Psychological Health
15.5.1 Addressing Food Security
15.5.1.1 Universalization of PDS and Voluntary Self-exclusion by Privileged Classes as Possible Solution
15.5.2 Addressing Psychological Distress
15.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 16: Livelihood, Employment and Health of Migrant Workers in the Context of COVID-19 Pandemic
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Methods
16.3 Findings
16.3.1 Vulnerabilities, Risk Perceptions and Risk Behaviour
16.3.2 Impact of COVID-19 on Lives and Livelihood
16.3.3 Help from Government/Non-Governmental Organisations/Employer/Philanthropic Individuals
16.3.4 Health Care and Health-Seeking Behaviour
16.3.5 Measures to Reduce the Risk of Transmission
16.3.6 Measures to Reduce Risk of Spreading the Infection
16.3.7 Disinfection Measures Adopted
16.3.8 Lockdown Impact on Feelings and Behaviours
16.4 Discussion and Conclusions
Note
References
Chapter 17: An Exploratory Analysis of Gender Attitudes in Tamil Nadu: New Evidence from Tamil Nadu Migration Survey
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Gender Attitudes and Economic Development
17.3 Gender Attitudes and Tamil Nadu
17.4 Data and Methods
17.5 Results
17.5.1 General Attitudes
17.5.2 Employment Attitudes
17.5.3 Attitudes Surrounding Decision-Making
17.5.4 Attitudes on Gender-Based Violence
17.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Migrants and Their Livelihoods in the Urban Informal Sector
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Rural-Urban Migration
18.3 Urban Informal Sector
18.4 Street Vendors
18.5 Train Mobile Vendors
18.6 Socio-Economic and Demographic Profile of the Mobile Vendors
18.7 Type of Products Sold by the Mobile Vendors
18.8 Average Earnings per Day
18.9 Determinants of Average Earnings of Mobile Vendors
18.10 Major Constraints Faced by Mobile Vendors
18.11 Conclusions and Recommendations
18.12 Recommendations
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 19: Nexus of Social Remittances and Social Change: An Ethnographic Study of Impact of Gulf Migration on Linguistic Pattern of Migrants in Uttar Pradesh
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Methodology: Sampling Strategy and Technique for Collection of Primary Data in Uttar Pradesh
19.2.1 Strategy for Selection of Sample Areas
19.2.2 Technique for Selection of Respondents
19.2.3 Technique for Collection of Primary Data
19.2.3.1 Observation Method
19.2.3.2 Informal Interview
19.3 Results and Discussion
19.3.1 The Impact of Social Remittances on the Socio-Economic Life of Migration-based Community
19.4 Conclusion and Policy Recommendation
Notes
References
Chapter 20: International Migration of Indentured Labour from Northern India, 1881–1911
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Problem
20.3 The annual variations in emigration of indentured labour: The role of demand and supply factors
20.4 Conclusion
Notes
Index