Imaging of the Head and Neck

✍ Scribed by Mahmood F. Mafee, Galdino E. Valvassori, Minerva Becker, Ali R. Sepahdari, Manufactures of Pharmaceutical Iropharm Ltd.

• Publisher: TPS; Second edition, revised and enlarged
• Year: 2004
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 881
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

A Thieme classic in a revised and updated second edition!

More than 3,700 illustrations and systematic coverage of the latest technical developments make the new edition of Valvassori's world-famous text your complete guide to head and neck imaging. Fully revised and updated to include a wider range findings in both adults and children, the book provides in-depth discussions of the eye and orbit, lacrimal drainage system, skull base, mandible and maxilla, temporomandibular joint, and suprahyroid and infrahyroid neck. CT and MRI scans acquired with the most advanced high-resolution equipment show all anatomic structures and pathological conditions, with actual cases clarifying every concept.

With thorough coverage of the newest imaging modalities, an abundance of high-quality graphics, and the expertise of worldwide leaders in the field, this is the reference of choice on head and neck imaging for experienced practitioners and residents-in-training.

✦ Table of Contents

Imaging of the Head and Neck
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Authors' Affiliations
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Section I: Temporal Bone
1 Imaging of the Temporal Bone
Sectional Anatomy of the Temporal Bone
Anatomical Notes
Sectional Anatomy
Imaging Techniques
Conventional Radiography
Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Developmental Variations
Mastoid
Lateral Sinus
Tegmen
Jugular Fossa
Carotid Artery
Arachnoid Granulations
Petrous Apex
Congenital Abnormalities of the Temporal Bone
Imaging Assessment
Embryology
Anomalies of the Sound-Conducting System
Facial Nerve Anomalies
Anomalies of the Inner Ear
Cerebrospinal Fluid Otorrhea
Imaging Assessment for Cochlear Implantation
Congenital Vascular Anomalies
Syndromic Hearing Loss
Temporal Bone Trauma
Classification
Clinical Findings
Imaging Findings
Labyrinthine Concussion and Bleeding
Longitudinal Fractures
Transverse Fractures
Comminuted Mastoid Fractures
Ossicular Dislocation
Projectile Injuries
Traumatic Facial Nerve Lesions
latrogenic Lesions
Meningoencephalocele
Cerebrospinal Fluid Otorrhea
Acute Otitis Media, Mastoiditis, and Malignant Necrotizing External Otitis
Acute Otitis Media and Mastoiditis
Imaging Findings
Imaging Technique
Differential Diagnosis
Acute Labyrinthitis
Chronic Labyrinthitis
Facial Neuritis
Malignant Necrotizing External Otitis
Imaging Findings
Healing Stages
Chronic Otitis Media and Mastoiditis
Clinical Findings
Otoscopic Findings
Imaging Techniques
Imaging Findings
Cholesteatoma of the Middle Ear
Acquired Cholesteatoma of the Middle Ear and Mastoid
Clinical and Otoscopic Findings
Imaging Techniques
Diagnosis of Cholesteatoma
Patterns of Imaging Findings
Pars Flaccida Cholesteatomas
Epitympanic Retraction Pockets
Pars Tensa Cholesteatomas
Combined Pars Flaccida and Pars Tensa Cholesteatomas
Evaluation of the Extent of Cholesteatoma
Labyrinthine Fistulas
Petrous Extension of Cholesteatoma
Facial Nerve
Congenital Cholesteatoma of the Middle Ear
Petrous Pyramid and Epidural Cholesteatomas
Keratosis Obturans and Cholesteatoma of the External Auditory Canal
Postoperative and Postirradiation Imaging of the Temporal Bone
Simple and Radical Mastoidectomies
Tympanoplasty
Imaging Findings
Tumors
Benign Tumors
Malignant Tumors
Internal Auditory Canal and Acoustic Schwannomas
Normal Internal Auditory Canal
Imaging Studies
Pathology of the Internal Auditory Canal
Pathology within the Internal Auditory Canal
Meningeal Pathology
Vascular Abnormalities
Heterotopic Lesion within the Internal Auditory Canal
Otosclerosis and Bone Dystrophies
Otosclerosis
Paget Disease
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Osteopetrosis
Fibrous Dysplasia
Craniometaphyseal Dysplasia
References
Section II: Eye and Orbit, Base of the Skull
2 Eye and Orbit
Part 1: The Eye
Embryology
Lens
The Ciliary Body, Iris, and Suspensory Ligaments of the Lens
The Vitreous
The Choroid
The Sclera
The Cornea
Vascular System
Extraocular Muscles
The Eyelids
The Lacrimal Gland
The Lacrimal Sac and Nasolacrimal Duct
The Orbit
References
Anatomy
Tenon's Capsule and Extraocular Muscle Sheaths (Sleeves)
Sclera
Cornea
Uvea (Choroid, Ciliary Body, and Iris)
Retina
Vitreous
Imaging Techniques
CT Technique
MRI Technique
Pathology
Congenital Anomalies
Coloboma and Morning Glory Disk Anomaly
Ocular Detachments
Ocular Inflammatory Disorders
Benign Reactive Lymphoid Hyperplasia
Papilledema
Intraocular Calcifications
Leukokoria
Retinoblastoma
Intraocular Mass and Masslike Lesions Simulating Retinoblastoma
Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous
Retinal Dysplasia
Norrie Disease
Warburg Syndrome
Retinopathy of Prematurity or Retrolental Fibroplasia
Coats disease
Ocular Toxocariasis (Sclerosing Endophthalmitis)
Ocular Astrocytic Hamartoma (Retinal Astrocytoma)
Combined Hamartoma of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Retina
Incontinentia Pigmenti
Juvenile Xanthogranuloma
Ganglioneuroma
Optic Nerve Head Drusen
Choroidal Osteoma
Retinal Gliosis
Myelinated Nerve Fibers
Subretinal Neovascular Membranes
Vitreous Opacities
Choroidal Hemangioma
Malignant Uveal Melanoma
Melanocytoma
Uveal Metastasis
Uveal Nevus
Choroidal and Retinal Hemangiomas
Angiomatosis Retinae and von Hippel–Lindau Disease
Choroidal Hemorrhage and Choroidal Detachment
Choroidal Cyst
Ocular Lymphoma
Ocular Leukemia
Primary Ocular Schwannoma (Neurilemoma)
Leiomyoma (Mesoectodermal Leiomyoma)
Ocular Adenoma and Adenocarcinoma
Medulloepithelioma
Senile Macular Degeneration
Ocular Trauma
Anophthalmic Socket and Orbital Implant
References
Part 2: The Orbit
Embryology
Anatomy
Bony Orbit
Orbital Septum and Eyelids
Orbicularis Oculi
Tenon's Capsule (Fascia Bulbi and Tenon's Space)
Orbital Fatty Reticulum
Muscles of the Eye
Innervation
Vascular Anatomy
Lacrimal Apparatus
Imaging Techniques
Computed Tomography
MRI Techniques
Normal CT and MRI Anatom of the Orbit
Pathology
Hypertelorism, Hypotelorism Exophthalmos, and Exorbitism
Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities
Anatomical and Developmental Considerations
Acquired Orbital Cysts
Parasitic Cysts
Inflammatory Diseases
Mycotic Infections
Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Idiopathic Orbital Inflammatory Disorders (Pseudotumors)
Painful External Ophthalmoplegia (Tolosa–Hunt Syndrome)
Thyroid Orbitopathy (Graves Dysthyroid Ophthalmopathy)
Sarcoidosis
Sjögren Syndrome
Vasculitides (Angiitides)
Amyloidosis
Miscellaneous Granulomatous and Histiocytic Lesions
Tumors
Orbital Vascular Conditions
Neural Lesions
Nontumoral and Tumoral Enlargement of the Optic Nerve Sheath
Fibrous Tissue Tumors of the Orbit
Lacrimal Gland and Fossa Lesions
Miscellaneous Lacrimal Gland Lesions
Fibro-Osseous Lesions of the Orbit
Ocular Motility Disorders
Traumatic Injury of Ocular Muscles
Congenital Anomalies of the Extraocular Muscles
Orbital Trauma
References
3 Base of the Skull
Embryology
Anatomy
The External Surface of the Cranial Base
The Pterygoid Processes, Pterygoid Plates, Scaphoid Fossa, Spine of the Sphenoid Bone, Foramen Ovale, and Foramen Spinosum
The Foramen Lacerum
Pterygoid (Vidian) Canal
The Squamotympanic Fissure
Foramen Magnum and Hypoglossal Canal
The Jugular Foramen
Stylomastoid Foramen
The Internal Surface of the Cranial Base
Superior Orbital Fissure, Foramen Rotundum, Tegmen Tympani, and Tegmen Antri
Cavernous Sinus
Trigeminal Cavity (Meckel's Cave), Trigeminal Cistern, and Ganglion
The Posterior Cranial Fossa
Role of Diagnostic Imaging in Skull Base Pathology and Surgery
Imaging Techniques
Angiography and Embolization
Imaging Anatomy of the Skull Base
Anatomical Variations
Skull Base Pathology
Developmental Cysts of the Skull Base
Tumors
Histiocytoses
Leukemia
Extracranial Lesions Affecting the Skull Base
Metastasis
Trauma
References
Section III: Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses
4 Imaging of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses
Nasal Cavity: Embryology and Development
Paranasal Sinuses: Embryology and Development
Maxillary Sinuses
Ethmoid Sinuses
Frontal Sinuses
Sphenoid Sinuses
Anatomy: The Nasal Cavity
The Nasal Mucous Membrane
Nasal Cycle
Innervation
Blood Supply and Lymphatic Drainage
Lymphatics
Anatomy of the Paranasal Sinuses
The Frontal Sinuses
The Ethmoidal Sinuses and Surgical Anatomy of the Ethmoid Bone
Sphenoidal Sinuses
The Maxillary Sinuses
Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery and the Role of the Radiologist
Ostiomeatal Complex
Anatomical Variations
Pterygomaxillary Fissure, Pterygopalatine (Sphenopalatine) Fossa, and Palatine Bone
The Pterygopalatine (Sphenopalatine) Ganglion
Applied Anatomy
References
Imaging Techniques
General Considerations
Computed Tomography
Standard Film Radiography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Risk of Radiation from Sinus Imaging
References
Sinonasal Pathology
Congenital Anomalies of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
References
Inflammatory Diseases
Retention Cysts
Nasal Polyps
References
Tumor and Tumorlike Lesions of the Paranasal Sinuses and Nasal Cavity
Benign Fibro-osseous, Osseous, and Cartilaginous Lesions of the Sinonasal Region
Malignant Osseous and Cartilaginous Tumors of Sinonasal Cavities
Miscellaneous Tumors of Sinonasal Cavities
References
Traumatic and Postoperative Findings
References
Section IV: Masticatory System
5 Temporomandibular Joint
Embryology
Anatomy
Diagnostic Imaging Techniques
Nuclear Medicine (Scintigraphy)
CT Technique
MRI Technique
Normal Imaging Anatomy of TMJ
Anatomical Variations and Developmental Anomaly
Condylar Agenesis (Otomandibular Dysostosis, Mandibulofacial Dysostosis, Hemifacial Microsomia)
Condylar Hypoplasia
Condylar Hyperplasia
Inflammation
Infectious Arthritis
Necrotizing External Otitis
Internal Derangements
Osteochondritis Dissecans
Arthritic Conditions
Degenerative Arthritis (Osteoarthritis, Osteoarthrosis)
Traumatic Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Metabolic Arthritis
Rheumatoid Variants (Ankylosing Spondylitis, Psoriatic Arthritis)
Synovial Chondromatosis
Neoplasms
Miscellaneous
Fractures
Postoperative Conditions
References
6 Mandible and Maxilla
Embryology
Dental Development
Development of Enamel
Ossification
Anatomy
The Mandible
The Maxillae
Dental Anatomy
The Teeth
Dental Blood and Lymphatic Vessels
Dental Lymphatics
Dental Innervation
Dental Histology
The Dental Pulp
The Enamel, Cement, and Periodontal Ligament
The Gingivae (Gums)
Imaging Techniques
Intraoral Radiography
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Pathology
Congenital and Developmental Anomalies
Inflammation
Osteoradionecrosis
Benign and Malignant Tumors
References
Section V: Suprahyoid Neck
7 Nasopharynx
Embryology
Anatomy
Pharyngobasilar Fascia
The Pharyngeal Tonsil and Pharyngeal Bursa
Pharyngeal Isthmus, Oropharyngeal Isthmus, and Waldeyer's Ring
Innervation
Vascular Supply
Lymphatics
Regional Anatomy (Parapharyngeal Space)
The Masticator Space
Infratemporal Fossa
Applied Anatomy
Histology
Imaging Techniques
Pathology of the Nasopharynx
Congenital Anomalies
Inflammations
Infectious Mononucleosis
Tangier Disease
Benign Tumors
Malignant Tumors
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
References
8 Parapharyngeal and Masticator Spaces
Introduction
Anatomy
Fascial Layers of the Neck
Face and Neck Spaces
Normal Imaging Anatomy
Imaging Rationale and Techniques
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Pathology
Lesions Arising within the Pharyngeal Wall and Adjoining Deep Neck Spaces
Suprahyoid Neck Trauma
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSA)
Suprahyoid Neck Biopsy and Interventional MRI
References
9 Salivary Glands
Embryology
Anatomy
Parotid Gland
Submandibular and Sublingual Glands
Applied Anatomy
Histology
Imaging
Conventional Radiography
Conventional Sialography
Computerized Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
MR Sialography Technique
Ultrasound Technique
Nuclear Medicine
Clinical Applications: Pathological Conditions
Congenital Lesions
Inflammatory Diseases of the Major Salivary Glands
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Parotid Lymphoepithelial Lesions/Cysts
Benign Lymphoepithelial Sialadenopathy (Autoimmune Sialosis)
Neoplasms of Salivary Glands
References
10 Oral Cavity and Oropharynx
Introduction
Developmental Considerations
Normal Anatomy
Imaging Techniques
CT
MR Imaging
Ultrasonography
Tumors of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Non-Squamous Cell Neoplasms
Inflammatory Lesions of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx
Congenital Lesions
Miscellaneous Pathology
Acknowledgments
References
Section VI: Infrahyoid Neck
11 Larynx and Hypopharynx
Introduction
Developmental Considerations
Normal Anatomy
Larynx
Hypopharynx
Tissue Characteristics on Sectional Imaging
Imaging Techniques
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Other Imaging Modalities
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Epidemiology and Rationale for Imaging
Tumor Sites and Patterns of Tumor Spread
Invasion of the Deep Paralaryngeal Spaces
Cartilage Invasion
Pretherapeutic T-Classification According to the TNM System
Atypical Forms of Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Non-Squamous Cell Neoplasms
Vasoformative Tumors
Tumors of the Laryngeal Skeleton
Tumors of the Lymphoreticular System
Tumors of the Minor Salivary Glands
Tumors of Fatty Tissue
Metastases to the Larynx
Myogenic Tumors
Neurogenic Tumors
Morphological Changes Induced by Tumor Treatment and Detection of Tumor Recurrence
Surgical Procedures, Postoperative Changes, and Tumor Recurrence in the Operated Larynx
Radiation-Induced Changes and Tumor Recurrence in the Irradiated Larynx
Cystic Lesions, Pouches, Diverticula, and Webs
Larynx
Hypopharynx
Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions
Congenital Lesions
Vocal Cord Paralysis
Trauma
Larynx
Hypopharynx
References
12 Other Infrahyoid Neck Lesions
Introduction
Anatomy
Imaging Techniques
CT Scanning
MR Imaging
Ultrasonography
Nuclear Medicine Studies of the Thyroid Gland
FDG-PET
Neoplastic Lesions
Nodal Neoplasms
Nonnodal Neoplasms
Thyroid and Parathyroid Gland Masses
Imaging of the Neck after Treatment
Radiation-Induced Changes in the Neck
Postoperative Changes after Various Types of Neck Dissection and Reconstruction with Flaps
Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions
Cervical Chain Nodal Inflammation and Infection
Infection of the Retropharyngeal Space
Bacterial Soft-Tissue Infections
Complications of Bacterial Infections
Vertebral Body Spondylodiskitis
Inflammatory Diseases of Neck Muscles and Tendons
Inflammatory Lesions of the Thyroid Gland
Branchial Cleft Anomalies
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
Vascular Malformations
Miscellaneous Pathology
Acknowledgments
References
Index