Illustrated C# 2012

✍ Scribed by Solis, Daniel Martin

• Publisher: Apress, Distributed to the Book trade worldwide by Springer Science+Business Media
• Year: 2012
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 750
• Series: Expert's voice in .NET
• Edition: 4th ed
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 724
Contents at a Glance......Page 3
Contents......Page 727
About the Author......Page 748
About the Technical Reviewer......Page 749
Acknowledgments......Page 750
Introduction......Page 5
C# and the .NET Framework......Page 6
Enter Microsoft .NET......Page 7
Components of the .NET Framework......Page 8
Interoperability......Page 9
No COM Required......Page 10
The Base Class Library......Page 11
Compiling to the Common Intermediate Language......Page 12
Compiling to Native Code and Execution......Page 13
Overview of Compilation and Execution......Page 14
The Common Language Runtime......Page 15
The Common Language Infrastructure......Page 16
The Common Language Specification......Page 17
Review of the Acronyms......Page 18
The Evolution of C#......Page 19
Overview of C# Programming......Page 20
A Simple C# Program......Page 21
More About SimpleProgram......Page 22
Identifiers......Page 23
Keywords......Page 24
Whitespace......Page 25
Blocks......Page 26
WriteLine......Page 27
The Format String......Page 28
Multiple Markers and Values......Page 29
Formatting Numeric Strings......Page 30
The Alignment Specifier......Page 31
The Format Field......Page 32
Standard Numeric Format Specifiers......Page 33
Comments: Annotating the Code......Page 35
Documentation Comments......Page 36
Summary of Comment Types......Page 37
Types, Storage, and Variables......Page 38
A C# Program Is a Set of Type Declarations......Page 39
Instantiating a Type......Page 40
Types of Members......Page 41
Predefined Types......Page 42
More About the Predefined Types......Page 43
User-Defined Types......Page 45
Facts About Stacks......Page 46
The Heap......Page 47
Storing Members of a Reference Type Object......Page 48
Categorizing the C# Types......Page 49
Variable Declarations......Page 50
Automatic Initialization......Page 51
Using the Value of a Variable......Page 52
Nullable Types......Page 53
Classes: The Basics......Page 54
A Class Is an Active Data Structure......Page 55
Programs and Classes: A Quick Example......Page 56
Declaring a Class......Page 57
Fields......Page 58
Declarations with Multiple Fields......Page 59
Methods......Page 60
Creating Variables and Instances of a Class......Page 61
Allocating Memory for the Data......Page 62
Combining the Steps......Page 63
Instance Members......Page 64
Private and Public Access......Page 65
Depicting Public and Private Access......Page 66
Example of Member Access......Page 67
Accessing Members from Inside the Class......Page 68
Accessing Members from Outside the Class......Page 69
Putting It All Together......Page 70
Methods......Page 72
The Structure of a Method......Page 73
Code Execution in the Method Body......Page 74
Local Variables......Page 75
Type Inference and the var Keyword......Page 76
Local Variables Inside Nested Blocks......Page 77
Local Constants......Page 78
Flow of Control......Page 79
Method Invocations......Page 80
Return Values......Page 81
The Return Statement and Void Methods......Page 83
Formal Parameters......Page 85
Actual Parameters......Page 86
An Example of Methods with Positional Parameters......Page 87
Value Parameters......Page 88
Reference Parameters......Page 91
Reference Types As Value and Reference Parameters......Page 94
Output Parameters......Page 98
Parameter Arrays......Page 101
Expanded Form......Page 102
Summary of Parameter Types......Page 105
Method Overloading......Page 106
Named Parameters......Page 107
Optional Parameters......Page 109
Stack Frames......Page 113
Recursion......Page 115
More About Classes......Page 117
Order of Member Modifiers......Page 118
Instance Class Members......Page 120
Static Fields......Page 121
Example of a Static Field......Page 122
Lifetimes of Static Members......Page 123
Static Function Members......Page 124
Other Static Class Member Types......Page 125
Member Constants......Page 126
Constants Are Like Statics......Page 127
Properties......Page 128
Property Declarations and Accessors......Page 129
A Property Example......Page 130
Using a Property......Page 131
Properties and Associated Fields......Page 132
Performing Other Calculations......Page 134
Properties vs. Public Fields......Page 135
An Example of a Computed, Read-Only Property......Page 136
Automatically Implemented Properties......Page 137
Static Properties......Page 138
Instance Constructors......Page 139
Constructors with Parameters......Page 140
Default Constructors......Page 141
Static Constructors......Page 142
Example of a Static Constructor......Page 143
Object Initializers......Page 144
Destructors......Page 145
The readonly Modifier......Page 146
The this Keyword......Page 148
Indexers......Page 149
Indexers and Properties......Page 150
Declaring an Indexer......Page 151
The Indexer set Accessor......Page 152
More About Indexers......Page 153
Declaring the Indexer for the Employee Example......Page 154
Another Indexer Example......Page 155
Indexer Overloading......Page 156
Access Modifiers on Accessors......Page 157
Partial Classes and Partial Types......Page 158
Partial Methods......Page 160
Classes and Inheritance......Page 162
Class Inheritance......Page 163
Accessing the Inherited Members......Page 164
All Classes Are Derived from Class object......Page 165
Masking Members of a Base Class......Page 166
Base Access......Page 168
Using References to a Base Class......Page 169
Virtual and Override Methods......Page 171
Case 1: Declaring Print with override......Page 173
Case 2: Declaring Print with new......Page 175
Overriding Other Member Types......Page 176
Constructor Execution......Page 177
Constructor Initializers......Page 179
Class Access Modifiers......Page 182
Inheritance Between Assemblies......Page 183
Member Access Modifiers......Page 185
Regions Accessing a Member......Page 186
Private Member Accessibility......Page 187
Internal Member Accessibility......Page 188
Summary of Member Access Modifiers......Page 189
Abstract Members......Page 191
Abstract Classes......Page 193
Example of an Abstract Class and an Abstract Method......Page 194
Another Example of an Abstract Class......Page 195
Sealed Classes......Page 196
Static Classes......Page 197
Extension Methods......Page 198
Naming Conventions......Page 202
Expressions and Operators......Page 203
Expressions......Page 204
Literals......Page 205
Integer Literals......Page 206
Real Literals......Page 207
Character Literals......Page 208
String Literals......Page 209
Precedence......Page 211
Associativity......Page 212
Simple Arithmetic Operators......Page 214
The Remainder Operator......Page 215
Relational and Equality Comparison Operators......Page 216
Comparison and Equality Operations......Page 217
Increment and Decrement Operators......Page 218
Conditional Logical Operators......Page 220
Logical Operators......Page 222
Shift Operators......Page 224
Assignment Operators......Page 226
Compound Assignment......Page 227
The Conditional Operator......Page 228
Unary Arithmetic Operators......Page 230
User-Defined Type Conversions......Page 231
Explicit Conversion and the Cast Operator......Page 233
Operator Overloading......Page 234
Restrictions on Operator Overloading......Page 235
Example of Operator Overloading......Page 236
The typeof Operator......Page 237
Other Operators......Page 239
Statements......Page 240
What Are Statements?......Page 241
Expression Statements......Page 242
Flow-of-Control Statements......Page 243
The if Statement......Page 244
The if...else Statement......Page 245
The while Loop......Page 246
The do Loop......Page 247
The for Loop......Page 249
The Scope of Variables in a for Statement......Page 251
Multiple Expressions in the Initializer and Iteration Expression......Page 252
The switch Statement......Page 253
A Switch Example......Page 255
More on the switch Statement......Page 256
Switch Labels......Page 257
The break Statement......Page 258
The continue Statement......Page 259
Labels......Page 260
The Scope of Labeled Statements......Page 261
The goto Statement Inside a switch Statement......Page 262
The using Statement......Page 263
Packaging the Use of a Resource......Page 264
Example of the using Statement......Page 265
Multiple Resources and Nesting......Page 266
Another Form of the using Statement......Page 267
Other Statements......Page 268
Structs......Page 269
What Are Structs?......Page 270
Structs Are Value Types......Page 271
Assigning to a Struct......Page 272
Instance Constructors......Page 273
Summary of Constructors and Destructors......Page 275
Boxing and Unboxing......Page 276
Additional Information About Structs......Page 277
Enumerations......Page 278
Enumerations......Page 279
Setting the Underlying Type and Explicit Values......Page 281
Implicit Member Numbering......Page 282
Bit Flags......Page 283
The Flags Attribute......Page 285
Example Using Bit Flags......Page 287
More About Enums......Page 289
Arrays......Page 291
Important Details......Page 292
Types of Arrays......Page 293
An Array As an Object......Page 294
Declaring a One-Dimensional or Rectangular Array......Page 295
Instantiating a One-Dimensional or Rectangular Array......Page 296
Accessing Array Elements......Page 297
Explicit Initialization of One-Dimensional Arrays......Page 298
Syntax Points for Initializing Rectangular Arrays......Page 299
Shortcut Syntax......Page 300
Implicitly Typed Arrays......Page 301
Putting It All Together......Page 302
Jagged Arrays......Page 303
Shortcut Instantiation......Page 304
Instantiating a Jagged Array......Page 305
Subarrays in Jagged Arrays......Page 306
Comparing Rectangular and Jagged Arrays......Page 308
The foreach Statement......Page 309
The Iteration Variable Is Read-Only......Page 311
Example with a Rectangular Array......Page 312
Example with a Jagged Array......Page 313
Array Covariance......Page 314
Useful Inherited Array Members......Page 315
The Clone Method......Page 317
Comparing Array Types......Page 319
Delegates......Page 320
What Is a Delegate?......Page 321
An Overview of Delegates......Page 323
Declaring the Delegate Type......Page 325
Creating the Delegate Object......Page 326
Assigning Delegates......Page 328
Combining Delegates......Page 329
Adding Methods to Delegates......Page 330
Removing Methods from a Delegate......Page 331
Invoking a Delegate......Page 332
Delegate Example......Page 333
Invoking Delegates with Return Values......Page 334
Invoking Delegates with Reference Parameters......Page 335
Anonymous Methods......Page 336
Return Type......Page 337
The params Parameters......Page 338
Outer Variables......Page 339
Extension of a Captured Variable’s Lifetime......Page 340
Lambda Expressions......Page 341
Events......Page 344
Publishers and Subscribers......Page 345
Overview of Source Code Components......Page 347
Declaring an Event......Page 348
An Event Is a Member......Page 349
Subscribing to an Event......Page 350
Raising an Event......Page 351
Standard Event Usage......Page 353
Passing Data by Extending EventArgs......Page 355
Removing Event Handlers......Page 357
Event Accessors......Page 358
Interfaces......Page 359
What Is an Interface?......Page 360
Example Using the IComparable Interface......Page 362
Declaring an Interface......Page 366
Implementing an Interface......Page 368
Example with a Simple Interface......Page 369
An Interface Is a Reference Type......Page 370
Using the as Operator with Interfaces......Page 372
Implementing Multiple Interfaces......Page 373
Implementing Interfaces with Duplicate Members......Page 374
References to Multiple Interfaces......Page 376
An Inherited Member As an Implementation......Page 378
Explicit Interface Member Implementations......Page 379
Accessing Explicit Interface Member Implementations......Page 382
Interfaces Can Inherit Interfaces......Page 383
Example of Different Classes Implementing an Interface......Page 384
Conversions......Page 386
What Are Conversions?......Page 387
Implicit Conversions......Page 388
Explicit Conversions and Casting......Page 389
Casting......Page 390
Numeric Conversions......Page 391
Implicit Numeric Conversions......Page 392
The checked and unchecked Operators......Page 393
The checked and unchecked Statements......Page 394
Integer Type to Integer Type......Page 395
decimal to Integer Type......Page 396
float or double to decimal......Page 397
decimal to float or double......Page 398
Reference Conversions......Page 399
Implicit Reference Conversions......Page 400
Explicit Reference Conversions......Page 402
Valid Explicit Reference Conversions......Page 403
Boxing Conversions......Page 404
Boxing Creates a Copy......Page 405
Unboxing Conversions......Page 406
The Unboxing Conversions......Page 407
Constraints on User-Defined Conversions......Page 408
Example of a User-Defined Conversion......Page 409
Example of a Multistep User-Defined Conversion......Page 411
The is Operator......Page 413
The as Operator......Page 414
Generics......Page 415
A Stack Example......Page 416
Generics in C#......Page 418
Continuing with the Stack Example......Page 419
Generic Classes......Page 420
Declaring a Generic Class......Page 421
Creating a Constructed Type......Page 422
Creating Variables and Instances......Page 423
The Stack Example Using Generics......Page 425
Comparing the Generic and Nongeneric Stack......Page 427
Constraints on Type Parameters......Page 428
Where Clauses......Page 429
Constraint Types and Order......Page 430
Generic Methods......Page 431
Declaring a Generic Method......Page 432
Invoking a Generic Method......Page 433
Inferring Types......Page 434
Example of a Generic Method......Page 435
Extension Methods with Generic Classes......Page 436
Generic Structs......Page 437
Generic Delegates......Page 438
Another Generic Delegate Example......Page 440
Generic Interfaces......Page 441
An Example Using Generic Interfaces......Page 442
Generic Interface Implementations Must Be Unique......Page 443
Covariance......Page 444
Contravariance......Page 448
Covariance and Contravariance in Interfaces......Page 451
More About Variance......Page 453
Enumerators and Iterators......Page 455
Using the foreach Statement......Page 456
The IEnumerator Interface......Page 458
The IEnumerable Interface......Page 461
Example Using IEnumerable and IEnumerator......Page 462
The Generic Enumeration Interfaces......Page 464
Iterators......Page 466
Iterator Blocks......Page 467
Using an Iterator to Create an Enumerator......Page 468
Using an Iterator to Create an Enumerable......Page 470
Common Iterator Patterns......Page 472
Producing Multiple Enumerables......Page 473
Iterators As Properties......Page 474
Behind the Scenes with Iterators......Page 476
Introduction to LINQ......Page 477
What Is LINQ?......Page 478
LINQ Providers......Page 479
Anonymous Types......Page 480
Method Syntax and Query Syntax......Page 482
Query Variables......Page 484
The Structure of Query Expressions......Page 485
The from Clause......Page 486
The join Clause......Page 488
What Is a Join?......Page 489
The from . . . let . . . where Section in the Query Body......Page 492
The from Clause......Page 493
The let Clause......Page 494
The where Clause......Page 495
The orderby Clause......Page 496
The select . . . group Clause......Page 497
Anonymous Types in Queries......Page 499
The group Clause......Page 500
Query Continuation: The into Clause......Page 502
The Standard Query Operators......Page 503
Signatures of the Standard Query Operators......Page 507
Query Expressions and the Standard Query Operators......Page 509
Delegates As Parameters......Page 510
The LINQ Predefined Delegate Types......Page 511
Example Using a Delegate Parameter......Page 512
Example Using a Lambda Expression Parameter......Page 513
Markup Languages......Page 515
XML Basics......Page 516
The XML Classes......Page 518
Creating, Saving, Loading, and Displaying an XML Document......Page 519
Creating an XML Tree......Page 520
Using Values from the XML Tree......Page 521
Adding Nodes and Manipulating XML......Page 524
Working with XML Attributes......Page 526
XProcessingInstruction......Page 530
Using LINQ Queries with LINQ to XML......Page 532
Introduction to Asynchronous Programming......Page 535
What Is Asynchrony?......Page 536
A Starting Example......Page 537
The Structure of the async/await Feature......Page 541
What Is An async Method?......Page 542
The Flow of Control in an Async Method......Page 546
The await Expression......Page 549
Cancelling an async Operation......Page 554
Exception Handling and the await Expression......Page 556
Waiting Synchronously for Tasks in the Calling Method......Page 557
Waiting Asynchronously for Tasks in the async Method......Page 561
The Task.Delay Method......Page 563
Async Operations in GUI Programs......Page 565
Task.Yield......Page 568
Using an async Lambda Expression......Page 569
A Full GUI Example......Page 571
The BackgroundWorker Class......Page 573
Example of the BackgroundWorker Class in a WPF Program......Page 577
Parallel Loops......Page 580
Other Asynchronous Programming Patterns......Page 583
BeginInvoke and EndInvoke......Page 585
The Wait-Until-Done Pattern......Page 587
The AsyncResult Class......Page 588
The Polling Pattern......Page 589
The Callback Method......Page 591
Calling EndInvoke Inside the Callback Method......Page 592
Timers......Page 594
Namespaces and Assemblies......Page 597
Referencing Other Assemblies......Page 598
The mscorlib Library......Page 600
Namespaces......Page 602
Namespace Names......Page 606
More About Namespaces......Page 607
Namespaces Spread Across Files......Page 608
Nesting Namespaces......Page 609
The using Namespace Directive......Page 610
The using Alias Directive......Page 611
The Structure of an Assembly......Page 612
The Identity of an Assembly......Page 614
Strongly Named Assemblies......Page 616
Creating a Strongly Named Assembly......Page 617
Private Deployment of an Assembly......Page 618
Installing Assemblies into the GAC......Page 619
Side-by-Side Execution in the GAC......Page 620
Configuration Files......Page 621
Delayed Signing......Page 622
Exceptions......Page 624
What Are Exceptions?......Page 625
The try Statement......Page 626
Handling the Exception......Page 627
The Exception Classes......Page 628
The catch Clause......Page 630
Examples Using Specific catch Clauses......Page 631
The catch Clauses Section......Page 632
The finally Block......Page 633
Finding a Handler for an Exception......Page 634
Searching Further......Page 635
General Algorithm......Page 636
Example of Searching Down the Call Stack......Page 637
Throwing Exceptions......Page 640
Throwing Without an Exception Object......Page 641
Preprocessor Directives......Page 643
General Rules......Page 644
The #define and #undef Directives......Page 646
Conditional Compilation......Page 647
The Conditional Compilation Constructs......Page 648
Diagnostic Directives......Page 651
Line Number Directives......Page 652
Region Directives......Page 653
The #pragma warning Directive......Page 654
Reflection and Attributes......Page 655
The Type Class......Page 656
Getting a Type Object......Page 658
What Is an Attribute?......Page 661
Applying an Attribute......Page 662
The Obsolete Attribute......Page 663
The Conditional Attribute......Page 664
Example of the Conditional Attribute......Page 665
The Caller Information Attributes......Page 666
The DebuggerStepThrough Attribute......Page 667
Other Predefined Attributes......Page 668
Multiple Attributes......Page 669
Other Types of Targets......Page 670
Global Attributes......Page 671
Declaring a Custom Attribute......Page 672
Specifying the Constructor......Page 673
Using the Constructor......Page 674
Positional and Named Parameters in Constructors......Page 675
Restricting the Usage of an Attribute......Page 676
The Constructor for AttributeUsage......Page 677
Suggested Practices for Custom Attributes......Page 678
Using the IsDefined Method......Page 679
Using the GetCustomAttributes Method......Page 680
Other Topics......Page 682
Strings......Page 683
The StringBuilder Class......Page 685
Parsing Strings to Data Values......Page 686
More About the Nullable Types......Page 688
Assigning to a Nullable Type......Page 690
The Null Coalescing Operator......Page 691
Using Nullable User-Defined Types......Page 692
Nullable......Page 693
Method Main......Page 694
Accessibility of Main......Page 695
Documentation Comments......Page 696
Inserting Documentation Comments......Page 697
Using Other XML Tags......Page 698
Example of a Nested Class......Page 699
Visibility and Nested Types......Page 701
Destructors and the Dispose Pattern......Page 703
The Standard Dispose Pattern......Page 704
Comparing Constructors and Destructors......Page 706
Interoperating with COM......Page 707
A......Page 710
B......Page 711
C......Page 712
D......Page 714
E......Page 715
G......Page 716
I......Page 717
L......Page 718
N......Page 719
P, Q......Page 720
S......Page 721
U......Page 722
Z......Page 723