Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an endothelial cell‐specific mitogen, which also enhances vascular permeability. Because this angiogenic factor has been suggested to play a role in brain tumor biology, we have begun to investigate the regulation of VEGF expression in cultures of rat type I astrocytes. In this report, we have focused on the influence of hypoxia on VEGF expression. Under standard in vitro conditions (21% O~2~) VEGF expression in astrocytes is barely detectable by northern analysis. However, after exposure to 0.2% O~2~ for as little as 3 h VEGF mRNA levels are markedly increased reaching a maximum by approximately 8 h of exposure. Treatment of astrocytes with CoCl~2~ or desferrioxamine results in a similar induction of VEGF, suggesting that the oxygen sensor regulating VEGF expression in astrocytes is a heme‐containing molecule. Although acute treatment with TPA (6 h) induces VEGF expression, chronic exposure to TPA (24 h) to deplete PKC activity does not reduce the hypoxia‐induced VEGF expression. These data indicate that VEGF induction in astrocytes can proceed through PKC‐dependent and ‐independent pathways. Furthermore, chronic exposure to TPA or treatment with herbimycin A results in the enhancement of the hypoxia‐mediated increase in VEGF mRNA levels. These results suggest that PKC and herbimycin‐sensitive tyrosine kinase may serve as negative regulators of the hypoxia‐activated signal transduction pathway that leads to the induction of VEGF expression. However, treatment of astrocytes with the nonspecific kinase inhibitors H7 and H8 reduced the level of VEGF induction by hypoxia, indicating that some type of kinase activity is required in this signaling pathway. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.